Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40789038›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2025

Sustained benefits of long-term biochar application for food security and climate change mitigation.

Jingrui Yang, Longlong Xia, Kees Jan van Groenigen, Xu Zhao, Chaopu Ti, Weilu Wang, Zhangliu Du, Mingsheng Fan, Minghao Zhuang, Pete Smith and 13 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Reply to Sun: Real-world bulk density changes support high carbon sequestration potential of biochar.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  4. Imputing unjustified bulk density values to soils with biochar addition biases soil carbon sequestration estimates.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  5. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

23 authors.

Jingrui Yang *State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Changshu National Agro-Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 211135, China.
Longlong Xia *State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Changshu National Agro-Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 211135, China.ORCID 0000-0003-4026-4265
Kees Jan van GroenigenDepartment of Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-9165-3925
Xu ZhaoState Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Changshu National Agro-Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 211135, China.ORCID 0000-0002-4956-8495
Chaopu TiState Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Changshu National Agro-Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 211135, China.ORCID 0000-0002-6660-8188
Weilu WangJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.ORCID 0000-0003-1058-2908
Zhangliu DuState Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
Mingsheng FanState Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
Minghao ZhuangState Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
Pete SmithInstitute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-3784-1124
Rattan LalRattan Lal Center for Carbon Sequestration and Management, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.ORCID 0000-0002-9016-2972
Klaus Butterbach-BahlPioneer Center for Landscape Research in Sustainable Agricultural Futures, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.ORCID 0000-0001-9499-6598
Xiaori HanCollege of Land & Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
Jun MengKey Laboratory of Biochar and Soil Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang 110866, China.ORCID 0000-0002-9299-4692
Jia LiuKey Laboratory of Acidified Soil Amelioration and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Soil & Fertilizer and Resources & Environment, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China.
Hongguang CaiInstitute of Agricultural Resource and Environment, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130033, China.
Yanhong ChengJiangxi Institute of Red Soil & Germplasm Resources/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Improvement and Quality Improvement of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330029, China.
Xingren LiuKey Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture People's Republic of China, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100081, China.
Xiangyang ShuKey Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China.
Xiaoyan JiaoCollege of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China.
Zhandong PanCollege of Forestry, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
Guangmu TangInstitute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, Xinjiang, China.
Xiaoyuan YanState Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Changshu National Agro-Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 211135, China.ORCID 0000-0001-8645-4836

Funding

Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality Special Fund for Science and Technology from Jiangsu Science and Technology Department BM2022002Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) XDA0440405Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) XDB0630302Distinguished Young Scholars Fund SBK2024010366MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) 42477363National Environmental Research Council NE/W001691/1National Natural Science Foundation of China 42177313National Natural Science Foundation of China 42267046National Natural Science Foundation of China 42267055National Natural Science Foundation of China 42277331Self-deployed Research Project of Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences E3250200
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Biochar application offers significant potential to enhance food security and mitigate climate change. However, most evidence stems from short-term field experiments (≤3 y), leaving uncertainty about the long-term sustainability of these benefits, especially with annual biochar additions to soils. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed a global dataset from 438 studies (3,229 observations) and found that long-term annual biochar application (≥4 y) not only sustains but often enhances its benefits. These include improved crop yields (+10.8%), reductions in CH

Indexed as

CharcoalClimate ChangeFood SecurityAgricultureCrops, AgriculturalGreenhouse GasesMethaneSoilbiocharCharcoalGreenhouse GasesMethaneSoilbiochar applicationclimate change mitigationfood securitylong-term benefitssoil organic carbon

Identifiers

PMID40789038
PMCPMC12377759

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.