Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40787834›Full record

ArticleAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)2025

Water-Immersed GaP Huygens' Meta-Optics for Visible Structured Light Generation.

Jia-Hua Lee, Hsing-Yi Wang, Pei Ying Ho, Yu Chia Chung, Ruei-Tzu Duh, Cheng-Ching Chiang, Ray-Hua Horng, Yao-Wei Huang, Ming Lun Tseng

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Water-Immersed GaP Huygens' Meta-Optics for Visible Structured Light Generation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Jia-Hua LeeInstitute of Electronics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300010, Taiwan.
Hsing-Yi WangInstitute of Electronics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300010, Taiwan.
Pei Ying HoInstitute of Electronics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300010, Taiwan.
Yu Chia ChungInstitute of Electronics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300010, Taiwan.
Ruei-Tzu DuhInstitute of Electronics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300010, Taiwan.
Cheng-Ching ChiangInstitute of Electronics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300010, Taiwan.
Ray-Hua HorngInstitute of Electronics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300010, Taiwan.
Yao-Wei HuangDepartment of Photonics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300010, Taiwan.
Ming Lun TsengInstitute of Electronics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300010, Taiwan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0418-8162

Funding

Center for Integrated Electronics-Optics Technologies and SystemsHigher Education Sprout Project of National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityMinistry of Education 2024 MOE UI-UAATMinistry of Education Yushan Fellow ProgramNational Science and Technology Council 113-2221-E-260-007-MY3National Science and Technology Council 113-2636-M-A49-001National Science and Technology Council 114-2112-M-A49-007National Science and Technology Council 114-2636-M-A49-001National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Underwater photonics is essential for imaging and analysis in biomedical technologies, as well as for communication and autonomous vehicle networks in the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT). Structured light enables spatial control of beams, offering new opportunities for underwater sensing, imaging, and signal transmission. However, compact and robust water-immersed photonic devices remain challenging to realize. Among various approaches, dielectric metasurfaces are particularly promising for underwater optics due to their flat form factor and subwavelength phase control. Nevertheless, current platforms suffer from instability in liquids, incomplete phase modulation, or strong sensitivity to fabrication imperfections. Here, ultrathin water-immersed metasurfaces composed of gallium phosphide (GaP) Huygens' integrated resonance units (HIRUs) operating in the visible regime are demonstrated. By leveraging the high refractive index and low optical loss of GaP, and integrating both forward and inverse design strategies, metasurfaces with planar geometry (≈1/5 of the operating wavelength), enhanced fabrication tolerance, and stable in-liquid operation are realized. These metasurfaces generate various structured light beams in water, including abruptly autofocusing (AAF) beams, Bessel beams, optical vortices, and Gaussian focusing beams. This work establishes a scalable and reliable platform for underwater nanophotonics and emerging IoUT-related applications.

Indexed as

GaPHuygens’ metasurfaceKerker effectstructured lightunderwater photonics

Identifiers

PMID40787834
PMCPMC12442711

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.