ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
Research progress on mechanisms of tumor immune microenvironment and gastrointestinal resistance to immunotherapy: mini review.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- Development & assessment of polyherbal extracts for treating oral cancer by integrating phytochemistry, bioactivities, and network pharmacology.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Nanomaterials targeting cancer-associated fibroblasts to overcome stromal barriers in cancer immunotherapy.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Extracellular Vesicles as Immunotherapeutic Mediators in Gastrointestinal Cancers and Diseases: From Mechanisms to Clinical Translation.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2026Review
- cGAS-STING Pathway in Gastrointestinal Malignancies: Mechanistic Insights and Translational Therapeutic Opportunities.Journal of gastrointestinal cancer · 2026Review
- Integrated diagnostic evaluation of multiple malignant neoplasms viaOncology letters · 2026Article
- Spatial immune archetypes in gastric and colorectal cancer: a proposed conceptual framework for immunotherapy resistance and therapeutic remodeling.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Advances in T cell-based immunotherapy for osteosarcoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Spatial AI in cancer: mapping immune evasion topology through multi-modal omics and deep learning.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Bispecific antibodies in gastrointestinal cancers: current applications and future perspectives.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Development of a machine learning model to predict overall survival for large hepatocellular carcinoma at BCLC stage A or B after curative hepatectomy.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) tumors present a major clinical challenge due to complex immune evasion mechanisms and generally poor responses to immunotherapy. Tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is a critical determinant of immunotherapy resistance. Immunosuppressive cell populations such as regulatory T cells, M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages, and cancer-associated fibroblasts, together with aberrant cytokine networks and mechanical stress in the tumor stroma, cooperate to exclude T-cell infiltration and induce T-cell exhaustion, thereby undermining the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. In addition, TIME-driven signaling pathway activation and epigenetic reprogramming further reinforce immune escape and therapeutic failure. Recent advances in single-cell and spatial transcriptomic technologies have greatly improved our understanding of these processes. Meanwhile, strategies including multi-target combination immunotherapies, epigenetic modulators, mRNA vaccines, and gut microbiota interventions are under active investigation to reverse resistance and remodel the TIME. This mini review summarizes the multifaceted mechanisms of immunotherapy resistance in GI tumors and discusses the potential of emerging therapeutic strategies to improve clinical outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.