An integrative approach to bilingual cognition: preliminary insights into phonetic learning and sensorimotor adaptation.

Introduction: This study investigates the cognitive consequences of bilingualism by examining phonetic learning, speech motor adaptation, and verbal memory. Methods: Early Spanish-English bilinguals divided into high and intermediate proficiency groups and English monolinguals completed three tasks: (1) production of an artificial English accent with novel phonotactic rules, (2) serial digit span in English, and (3) production of unfamiliar speech sounds during real-time magnetic resonance imaging (rtMRI). Results: Bilinguals, particularly those with high proficiency, outperformed monolinguals in phonetic and articulatory learning. In the memory task, no group-level differences emerged overall, but high bilinguals showed stronger primacy effects at moderate sequence lengths, suggesting more efficient encoding. Discussion: These results support a shift toward investigating task-specific and process-based effects of language experience. We also demonstrate the feasibility of using rtMRI to assess articulatory behavior in cognitive studies of bilingualism, with minimal need for manual post-processing.