ReviewFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2025
Nanobodies in animal infectious disease control: diagnosis and therapy.
Review in Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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3 authors.
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Abstract
Animal infectious diseases threaten livestock productivity, public health, and food security. Traditional monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) face limitations in diagnostics and therapy due to their large size, instability, and high cost. Nanobodies (Nbs), derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies, offer superior properties-small size (~15 kDa), high stability, deep tissue penetration, and cost-effective production. Nbs feature extended CDR3 loops, enabling access to cryptic epitopes, and exhibit exceptional thermal/pH stability. They are generated by immunizing camelids, cloning VHH genes, and screening via phage/yeast display. High-throughput methods (ELISA, flow cytometry) allow rapid isolation of high-affinity Nbs. Compared to mAbs, Nbs are economically produced in prokaryotic systems and engineered into multivalent or Fc-fused formats for enhanced efficacy. In diagnostics, Nbs enable sensitive, low-cost detection of pathogens like PRRSV, ASFV, and avian influenza. Nb-based competitive ELISAs and lateral flow assays improve field surveillance. Therapeutically, Nbs neutralize pathogens by targeting viral proteins (e.g., blocking PRRSV-CD163 entry) or bacterial toxins (e.g., Staphylococcus enterotoxins). Nb-Fc fusions degrade ASFV proteins via TRIM-away, while intracellular Nbs disrupt Mycobacterium ESAT-6 or Toxoplasma actin dynamics. Challenges remain in Nb affinity optimization, intracellular delivery, and
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