ArticleScientific reports2025
Rapid diagnosis of alprazolam poisoning by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on saliva samples.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Alprazolam benzodiazepine misuse is increasingly a public health concern, evidenced by rising cases of overdose and toxicity. Timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective emergency room treatment. This study investigates the use of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as a rapid diagnostic tool for assessing alprazolam toxicity using saliva samples. Saliva samples were collected from 30 individuals, including healthy subjects and patients with confirmed alprazolam poisoning. FTIR spectroscopy in the form of Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) was used to study the spectral profiles of the samples. Statistical analyses, such as Gaussian peak fitting and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) tests, were carried out to assess the diagnostic ability of the found spectral features. The designed protocol was subsequently applied to 55 additional saliva samples obtained from emergency room patients with suspected alprazolam poisoning, some of whom may have also used other drugs, but without confirmed multi-drug toxicity. Spectral differences between the two groups were evident, particularly in the 1200-1400 cm⁻¹ and 3000-3600 cm⁻¹ regions. ROC analysis demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy, differentiating healthy subjects from poisoned ones with 90% classification accuracy at 1200-1400 cm⁻¹ and perfect separation with 100% sensitivity and specificity at 3000-3600 cm⁻¹. A Fisher's exact test confirmed the diagnostic utility of this method for identifying alprazolam-poisoned individuals, yielding a p-value of less than 0.0002. The results affirm FTIR spectroscopy's potential as a precise, non-invasive diagnostic tool for alprazolam intoxication. Its ability to quickly distinguish between toxic and non-toxic levels is crucial for improving patient care in emergencies. Moreover, its application was effective even in cases with potential co-medication, provided that alprazolam was the primary suspected agent. FTIR spectroscopy is an effective method for diagnosing alprazolam toxicity in saliva samples, offering a quick, efficient, and non-invasive alternative to traditional techniques. This study opens the door for further research on FTIR in toxicological screening, with the potential to transform clinical practices in drug overdose management.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.