Trial reportEuropean journal of applied physiology2026
Effects of 4-week continuous hypoxic training on skeletal muscle oxygenation using near-infrared spectroscopy and functional magnetic resonance imaging.
Trial report in European journal of applied physiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Distinguishing Muscle Oxygen Saturation from Tissue Oxygen Saturation: Accuracy, Limitations, and Practical Utility in Muscle Oximetry.Sports medicine - open · 2026Article
- Monitoring muscle oxygen saturation during forest trail hiking: a prospective open-label quasi-experimental study with facility-based allocation examining physiological and immunological responses in older adults.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Comparison of adaptations to four weeks of continuous hypoxic training between healthy men with lower and higher initial aerobic fitness.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Effects of long-term functional training combined with blood flow restriction training on athletic performance and body composition in basketball athletes.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThis study aimed to investigate the effects of 4-week continuous hypoxic training (CHT) on skeletal muscle oxygenation and hemodynamics, assessed using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI-BOLD).
methodsTwenty-six healthy male participants were randomly assigned to CHT group (FiO₂ = 14.8-15.3%) or a normoxic training (CON) group (FiO₂ = 20.3-20.8%). Participants underwent a 4-week supervised treadmill endurance training program at their ventilatory anaerobic threshold. Assessments included that muscle oxygen saturation (SmO₂) measurements using NIRS during graded exercise, and fMRI-BOLD imaging during ischemia-reperfusion to evaluate skeletal muscle perfusion and oxygenation in pre- and post-intervention.
resultsSignificant increases were observed in SmO₂ at 20% (68.43 ± 5.90 vs 62.53 ± 6.70), 40% (64.50 ± 7.46 vs 55.20 ± 7.43), 60% (54.42 ± 3.71 vs 45.63 ± 5.99), 80% (45.97 ± 5.91 vs 41.18 ± 6.40), and 100% (36.04 ± 6.62 vs 27.57 ± 5.66) exercise intensities (p < 0.046) in CHT group as compared to CON group. Additionally, PHV (p < 0.011), MIV (p < 0.003), TTP (p = 0.024), THIM (p < 0.045), and TTR (p < 0.003) were significantly improved after 4-week CHT intervention as compared to normoxic training, suggesting enhanced vascular reactivity and oxygen utilization efficiency.
conclusionThese findings demonstrate that CHT may enhance skeletal muscle oxygenation and perfusion, suggesting potential utility in endurance training and rehabilitation intervention by improving skeletal muscle oxygenation and perfusion, as evidenced by increased SmO₂ and enhanced BOLD responses, suggesting potential utility in endurance training and rehabilitation contexts. The application of fMRI-BOLD and NIRS provides novel insights into microvascular adaptations. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: 2023112H on 2023/06/30.
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