ArticleMalaria journal2025
Seasonal abundance and climatic determinants of Anopheles vectors in Sri Lanka: its implications in the malaria post-elimination era.
Article in Malaria journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSri Lanka has been malaria-free since 2012, yet the risk of malaria re-introduction is high during the post-malaria elimination phase due to influx of infected individuals from endemic countries, the presence of competent Anopheles vectors, and suitable climatic conditions for vectors across Sri Lanka. This may lead to the re-emergence of autochthonous malaria in areas beyond the historically affected dry and intermediate zones. To sustain the malaria-free status, a better understanding of Anopheles species across Sri Lanka's climatic zones is essential. This information will support the existing receptivity monitoring system.
methodsFemale adults of Anopheles mosquitoes were sampled monthly for two years using cattle baited trap collections (CBTC), indoor and outdoor human landing catches (HLC) and indoor hand collections (IHC), from five districts covering the dry, intermediate, and wet zones. Rainfall, temperature, and relative humidity data for the sentinel sites were obtained from the Department of Meteorology in Colombo. The study assessed Anopheles species occurrence, distribution, abundance, and densities. Spatial distribution and seasonality were analyzed using box plots, while the effects of climatic factors and collection site on malaria vectors were evaluated using negative binomial regression.
resultsFifteen Anopheles mosquito species were identified, with varying abundance and densities across sites. The primary malaria vector mosquitoes were predominantly captured by HLC at all sites, except the dry zone coastal site, while secondary vectors were more common in CBTC. An. culicifacies exhibited the highest mean adult density at the intermediate zone site, with population peaks observed during the second inter-monsoon and southwest monsoon seasons at most sites, and during the northeast monsoon in the wet zone. Vector abundance was significantly influenced by climatic factors and collection site (p < 0.05); An. culicifacies densities increased with humidity, while secondary vectors showed species-specific responses to temperature, rainfall, and collection site conditions.
conclusionsThe spatial distribution and seasonality of Anopheles vectors provide insights on malaria vectorial efficiency in receptive areas. The intermediate zone of the island has the highest receptivity. Ongoing malaria entomological surveillance in the context of changing environmental conditions is critical for mitigating potential malaria reintroduction risks.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.