Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40781311›Full record

SynthesisMalaria journal2025

The burden of malaria in East Africa: prevalence, risk factors, and control strategies.

Sharmake Gaiye Bashir, Naima Ibrahim Ahmed, Yakub Burhan Abdullahi, Yusuf Hared Abdi, Mohamed Sharif Abdi, Muhammad Kabir Musa

Abstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Malaria journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
9citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

9 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Sharmake Gaiye BashirFaculty of Health Sciences and Tropical Medicine, Somali National University, Mogadishu, Somalia. sharmake@st.snu.edu.so.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0007-6900-9870
Naima Ibrahim AhmedFaculty of Health Sciences and Tropical Medicine, Somali National University, Mogadishu, Somalia.
Yakub Burhan AbdullahiFaculty of Health Sciences and Tropical Medicine, Somali National University, Mogadishu, Somalia.
Yusuf Hared AbdiFaculty of Health Sciences and Tropical Medicine, Somali National University, Mogadishu, Somalia.
Mohamed Sharif AbdiFaculty of Health Sciences and Tropical Medicine, Somali National University, Mogadishu, Somalia.
Muhammad Kabir MusaDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMalaria continues to exert a severe toll on public health in East Africa, accounting for a large share of global morbidity and mortality. Despite national strategies and donor-funded efforts, the disease persists due to complex, intersecting biological, environmental, and socioeconomic drivers. This review aims to analyse malaria burden, identify risk factors, and assess the effectiveness of control strategies across twelve East African countries to inform tailored and evidence-based interventions.

methodsA systematic review was conducted using peer-reviewed literature, national reports, and World Health Organization surveillance data from 2015-2024. Data were synthesized from Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda. Analysis focused on incidence, mortality, resistance trends, intervention coverage, and climate-related impacts.

resultsUganda, South Sudan, and Burundi report the highest malaria incidence (250 + per 1000), while Eritrea and Comoros maintain the lowest. Artemisinin partial resistance has reached > 20% in multiple areas, and pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles vectors is undermining control efforts. Climate change is expanding malaria transmission into highland zones. Funding gaps persist, with only 48% of required resources secured. Nonetheless, integrated strategies involving LLINs, indoor residual spraying, vaccination, and community engagement reduce severe malaria by up to 47%.

conclusionsTo combat malaria in East Africa, urgent investments in sustainable financing, climate-adaptive interventions, resistance monitoring, and community-driven strategies are essential to avert projected excess mortality and achieve regional malaria elimination goals.

Indexed as

Communicable Disease ControlCost of IllnessMalariaMosquito ControlAfrica, EasternHumansIncidencePrevalenceRisk FactorsClimate changeControl strategiesDrug resistanceEast AfricaMalariaPrevalencePublic healthRisk factorsRTSS vaccineVector control

Identifiers

PMID40781311
PMCPMC12335108

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.