Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40778496›Full record

Trial reportHead & neck2026

Thyroid Volume Measurement With AI-Assisted Freehand 3D Ultrasound Compared to 2D Ultrasound-A Clinical Trial.

Klara Bay Rask, Fatemeh Makouei, Marcus Hans Jakowlew Wessman, Tina Toft Kristensen, Tobias Todsen

Registry-linked trialAbstract readComparative StudyClinical Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Head & neck, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05510609 (Three-dimensional Ultrasonography), which is not on this map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05510609 naunknown statusnot on this map

Three-dimensional Ultrasonography: Accuracy in Thyroid Volume Measurement.

TypeinterventionalSponsorRigshospitalet, DenmarkRan2022 to 2022Enrolled17ConditionsThyroid, Thyroid Cancer, Thyroid Diseases, Graves DiseaseArmsBK 5000 Ultrasound Machine
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Trial
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Klara Bay RaskDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen East, Denmark.ORCID 0009-0002-2758-9065
Fatemeh MakoueiDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen East, Denmark.
Marcus Hans Jakowlew WessmanDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen East, Denmark.
Tina Toft KristensenDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen East, Denmark.
Tobias TodsenDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen East, Denmark.

Funding

Novo Nordisk Fonden NNF20OC0059290
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAccurate thyroid volume assessment is critical in thyroid disease diagnostics, yet conventional high-resolution 2D ultrasound has limitations. Freehand 3D ultrasound with AI-assisted segmentation presents a potential advancement, but its clinical accuracy requires validation.

methodThis prospective clinical trial included 14 patients scheduled for total thyroidectomy. Preoperative thyroid volume was measured using both 2D ultrasound (ellipsoid method) and freehand 3D ultrasound with AI segmentation. Postoperative thyroid volume, determined via the water displacement method, served as the reference standard.

resultsThe median postoperative thyroid volume was 14.8 mL (IQR 8.8-20.2). The median volume difference was 1.7 mL (IQR 1.2-3.3) for 3D ultrasound and 3.6 mL (IQR 2.3-6.6) for 2D ultrasound (p = 0.02). The inter-operator reliability coefficient for 3D ultrasound was 0.986 (p < 0.001).

conclusionThese findings suggest that freehand 3D ultrasound with AI-assisted segmentation provides superior accuracy and reproducibility compared to 2D ultrasound and may enhance clinical thyroid volume assessment.

trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05510609.

Indexed as

Artificial IntelligenceImaging, Three-DimensionalThyroid GlandAdultAgedFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedOrgan SizeProspective StudiesReproducibility of ResultsThyroidectomyUltrasonography3D ultrasoundoptical trackingsemiautomated segmentationthyroid volume

Identifiers

PMID40778496
PMCPMC12703570

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.