Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40777387›Full record

ArticlebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology2025

Emergence of an Antigenically Drifted and Reassorted Influenza B Virus at the end of the 2024-25 Influenza Season.

Elgin Akin, David A Villafuerte, Anne P Werner, Matthew Pinsley, Amary Fall, Omar Abdullah, Julie M Norton, Richard E Rothman, Katherine Z J Fenstermacher, Yu-Nong Gong and 3 more

Abstract readPreprint
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Elgin AkinHarry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA.
David A VillafuerteHarry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA.
Anne P WernerHarry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA.
Matthew PinsleyHarry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA.
Amary FallDepartment of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Omar AbdullahDepartment of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Julie M NortonDepartment of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Richard E RothmanDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Katherine Z J FenstermacherDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Yu-Nong GongResearch Center of Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
Eili KleinDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
Heba H MostafaDepartment of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Andrew PekoszHarry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3248-1761

Funding

NIAID Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response: Universal Influenza Vaccine Research Activities75N93021C00045 · NIAID · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI PEKOSZ, ANDREW · 2021 to 2025
$23.3M
Training: Molecular & Cellular Bases of Infectious DiseasesT32AI007417 · NIAID · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI Arturo Casadevall · 1994 to 2026
$11.9M
NIAID NIH HHS 75N93021C00045NIAID NIH HHS T32 AI007417
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundInfluenza B virus is a significant contributor to annual total and severe cases of influenza, particularly in the young and elderly. Coupling whole virus genome sequencing with the monitoring of influenza cases allows for the identification of increased disease burden and the emergence of novel virus variants.

methodsInfluenza B virus infected individuals were identified in the Johns Hopkins Health Systems network and whole IBV genome sequencing was performed. Phylogenetic analysis and sequence alignments were used to identify the IBV clades and novel virus mutations. The amount of neutralizing antibody activity specific to different IBV clades was measured.

resultsLate in the 2024-25 Northern Hemisphere influenza season, a surge of IBV cases were identified. The IBV responsible for the surge, C.3re, was a clade C.3 virus that had reassorted with clade C.5.1 viruses and acquired a mutation predicted to mask a key neutralizing antibody epitope on the hemagglutinin protein. The neuramindase gene contained mutations predicted to reduce neutralizing antibody binding and potentially alter oseltamivir sensitivity. The C.3re viruses preferentially infected children but showed no significant increase in disease severity. The C.3re viruses were poorly neutralized by pre and post influenza vaccination serum.

conclusionsThe C.3re IBV genotype that emerged in late in the 2024-25 influenza season is antigenically mismatched with current circulating IBVs and the IBV vaccine strains chosen for the 2025 Southern Hemisphere and 2024-25 Northern Hemisphere season. This may result in lower vaccine efficacy increases in IBV cases in upcoming influenza seasons.

Identifiers

PMID40777387
PMCPMC12330566

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.