Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40774948›Full record

ArticleNature communications2025

Frequency-selective actuation of liquid crystalline elastomer actuators with radio-frequency.

Yiwen Song, Zefang Li, Mason Zadan, Jingxian Wang, Swarun Kumar, Carmel Majidi

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Pneumatically-Actuated Liquid Metal-Based Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Yiwen Song *Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US. yiwens2@andrew.cmu.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9243-9955
Zefang Li *Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4643-4579
Mason ZadanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5718-3579
Jingxian WangDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4713-1425
Swarun KumarDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US. swarun@cmu.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5398-5347
Carmel MajidiDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US. cmajidi@andrew.cmu.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6469-9645

Funding

National Science Foundation (NSF) 2106921, 2030154, 2007786, 1942902, 2111751
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Soft and miniaturized robots possess the capability to operate inside narrow, confined environments. However, powering soft robots inside these environments with on-board batteries or wired connections to external power supplies can significantly restrain their mobility. Similarly, wireless actuation approaches are constrained by near-field actuation, line-of-sight operation, or indiscriminate actuation of many actuators. To provide higher mobility for wireless soft robot to operate inside non-line-of-sight scenarios, we present a radio-frequency system that introduces frequency-selective actuation of liquid crystal elastomer actuators. We create liquid crystalline elastomer actuators with a low actuation temperature and embed them with conductive traces that resonate and heat by selected frequencies of radio-frequency excitation in the 2.40 GHz range. We further develop a wireless actuation platform that infers the wireless channel and beamforms towards the actuator to achieve efficient beamforming. Demonstrations show our system is capable of selectively actuating different actuators while the robot is in motion and obstructed by occlusions.

Identifiers

PMID40774948
PMCPMC12332080

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.