ArticleThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene2025
A Retrospective Analysis of Bacterial Infections (2021-2024) in a Reference Laboratory in Kathmandu, Nepal.
Article in The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Of all the recognized public health threats, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is among the most serious. Antimicrobial resistance may have a higher prevalence in low- and middle-income countries, where antimicrobial misuse is compounded by inadequate infection control measures. In this study, we examined AMR trends in bacterial infections in a reference laboratory in Kathmandu, Nepal, from 2021 to 2024. We collected the clinical records of infected patients, including demographic details, pathogen profiles, and antibiograms, from the electronic laboratory information system and analyzed them using SPSS version 17.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Among 3,720 patients, 703 (19.7%; median age: 40 years; 395 [54.0%] female) had infections primarily caused by bacteria (91.7%; 723/731), followed by yeast (3.8%; 28/731). Urinary tract infections (55.9%; 290/703) were the most common. The predominant pathogen was Escherichia coli (41.3%; 290/703). Resistance rates in Enterobacterales, nonfermenters, and Gram-positive cocci were 31.0%, 43.4%, and 13.5%, respectively, for aminoglycosides; 49.7%, 42.8%, and 40.2%, respectively, for fluoroquinolones; 64.9%, 59.0%, and 65.6%, respectively, for cephalosporins; 47.3%, 77.4%, and 27.2%, respectively, for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; and 83.0%, 100.0%, and 85.0%, respectively, for penicillins. Extensively drug-resistant (XDR; 19.1%; 134/703) and multidrug-resistant (29.2%; 205/703) bacteria exhibited >90% resistance to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and beta-lactams. Over time (2022-2024), resistance increased for aminoglycosides (27.7-32.3%), fluoroquinolones (43.5-54.1%), and penicillin with beta-lactamase inhibitors (PwBLIs; 35.9-58.7%) but decreased for cephalosporins (67.5-62.8%), carbapenems (23.3-18.7%), penicillins (85.2-82.1%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (59.6-42.2%), and nitrofurantoin (39.0-3.7%). A low rate of bacterial infections was detected among hospital visitors. Urinary tract infections were the most prevalent type of infection. Multidrug-resistant bacteria predominated over XDR bacteria. Resistance to beta-lactams declined over time; however, resistance to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and PwBLIs increased.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.