ArticleBiological trace element research2026
Health Risk Assessment of Metal(loid) Contamination in Raw Cow's Milk from the Colombian Caribbean Region.
Article in Biological trace element research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Potentially Toxic Element (PTE) Contamination in Raw Cow Milk: Insights into Concentration Levels and Dietary Exposure Risk Assessment.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Milk is a daily source of essential nutrients, but the presence of trace metals raises significant health concerns about the quality of dairy products. This study investigated the presence of and human health exposure to potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in raw cow milk produced in the Caribbean region of Colombia, during both dry and rainy seasons. A total of 100 samples were collected from farms in five zones and analysed for toxic metal(loid)s, including Pb, Cr, Hg and As. Metal(loid) concentrations were generally higher during the rainy season, except for Hg, which showed elevated concentrations during the dry season. During the rainy season, values increased by factors of 20, 44, 3 and 0.5 for Pb, Cr, As and Hg, respectively. The year-round median concentrations of Pb, Cr, As and Hg in milk were 2.23, 44, 2.93 and 0.18 µg/L, respectively. The hazard index (HI) was higher than 1 in both adults and children, indicating a significant health risk of exposure to metal(loid)s in the milk-consuming population. Frequent milk consumption posed no public health concern for carcinogenic risk related to Pb and As across age groups. However, the estimated carcinogenic risk for Cr exceeded the USEPA guidance reference value for both children (1.7·10
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