ArticleBMJ nutrition, prevention & health2025
Worldwide and time trends in sodium and potassium intakes in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Article in BMJ nutrition, prevention & health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Nutrient Intake and Physical Activity of School-Aged Children with Trisomy 21 Living in Manitoba, Canada.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Dietary potassium restriction causes hypercalciuria, hypocalcemia, and bone loss in male mice.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Diet Quality and Nutrient Adequacy Among Polish Children: Findings from the PITNUTS 2024 Study.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Worldwide and time trends in sodium and potassium intakes in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ nutrition, prevention & health · 2025Article
- Sodium, potassium and iodine excretion and blood pressure of New Zealand school children: a cross-sectional study and comparison with recommended guidelines.BMJ nutrition, prevention & health · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Background: High sodium (Na) and low potassium (K) intakes in childhood have health effects across the life course. The objective was to estimate global, regional and national Na and K intakes in children since 1990. Methods: A systematic search of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies measuring Na or K intake in children aged 0-18 years of age since 1990 was conducted. Random effects multilevel meta-analyses and meta-regressions were performed to investigate age and time trends, country and regional differences, and to derive a worldwide average intake. Results: A total of 259 studies with 520 630 children aged 0-18 years of age (mean 9.7 years) conducted between 1990 and 2021 in 79 different countries (mostly high-income countries) were included. The pooled Na and K intakes were 2.5 g/d (95% CI 2.4, 2.6) and 2.0 g/d (95% CI 1.9, 2.1), respectively. An estimated 73% of children had high Na intake (≥2 g/d/2000 kcal) and 89% had low K intake (<3.5 g/d/2000 kcal). Na intake was the lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa and the highest in North Africa and the Middle East. K intake was the lowest in South Asia and the highest in Central-Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Na and K intakes tended to decrease slightly linearly between 1990 and 2021 and increased logarithmically with age. Conclusion: Globally, children's Na intake was too high, while K intake was too low. Data were lacking in many countries. Interventions are needed to reduce Na and increase K from childhood, and monitoring should be improved.
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