Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40771144›Full record

ArticleDrug delivery2025

Seeking a common human factors language for the development and testing of injection devices.

Megan O Conrad, Molly E Laird, Mary Beth Privitera, Melissa R Lemke, Molly Follette Story

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Drug delivery, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Megan O ConradMechanical Engineering, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI, USA.
Molly E LairdHS Design, Morristown, NJ, USA.
Mary Beth PriviteraBiomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
Melissa R LemkeHuman Ability Designs, Detroit, MI, USA.
Molly Follette StoryHuman Spectrum Design, LLC, San Carlos, CA, USA.

Funding

FDA HHS U01 FD007360
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Injection devices include drug-device combination products incorporating a needle for subcutaneous medication delivery. Often utilized by patients and caregivers, it is important for injection device user interface (UI) design to be intuitive to use outside of a traditional healthcare setting. To ensure safety and efficacy, the FDA requires a human factors (HFs) assessment as part of a new drug application (NDA) for new drug products and through the abbreviated new drug application (ANDA) pathway for generic drug approval. Despite the importance of defining injection device features as part of the HFs assessment, no comprehensive list of related definitions has previously been established. This paper compiles such definitions creating a common language for use in HFs assessments. Specifically, injection device classifications and characteristics are defined and then related to UI features and common tasks required for successful devices use. Information presented can be applied during device development and testing creating a common language for engineers, designers, and regulators. The definitions may be especially impactful for the approval of generic injection devices as the ANDA pathway for generic drugs requires a UI comparison of the proposed generic device to that of the existing reference listed drug.

Indexed as

Drug Delivery SystemsErgonomicsDrug ApprovalEquipment DesignHumansInjectionsUnited StatesUnited States Food and Drug AdministrationautoinjectorsDDCPhuman factorsPen injectorspre-filled syringetask analysisuser interface

Identifiers

PMID40771144
PMCPMC12333034

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.