ArticleParasites & vectors2025
Spatial distribution of Culex mosquitoes across England and Wales, July 2023.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Divergent responses to urbanisation and forest cover shape the spatial distribution of Culex pipiens ecotypes in western Switzerland.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Climate-based forecasting from national Culex mosquito surveillance to support West Nile and Usutu virus preparedness in England and Wales.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Ecology of mosquitoes in Scottish wetlands and confirmation of Culex pipiens biotype molestus and pipiens/molestus hybrids in Scotland.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- A comparative assessment of mosquito trapping methods for vector surveillance in Scotland.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- West Nile Virus in Europe: Epidemiology, Vector Ecology, Environmental Drivers, and the Role of Equine Sentinel Surveillance in a One Health Framework.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Mosquito viromes across England and Wales reveal hidden arbovirus signals and limited ecological structuring.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Enhanced surveillance to assess the presence of Sindbis and Batai virus in mosquito populations at an urban zoo in the United Kingdom.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- The lineage diversity, spatiotemporal distribution and pathological significance ofInternational journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife · 2025Article
- Vertical transmission in field-caught mosquitoes identifies a mechanism for the establishment of Usutu virus in a temperate country.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Invasive mosquito surveillance in the United Kingdom 2020 to 2024: First detection of Aedes aegypti eggs in the UK and further detection of Aedes albopictus.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
22 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundWith medically important arboviruses such as West Nile virus (WNV) circulating in Europe and Usutu virus (USUV) currently present in the UK, it is imperative to identify areas in the UK at risk of establishment and spread of these viruses. Here, we describe a comprehensive nationwide field surveillance study conducted during July 2023 to map the distribution of the WNV and USUV competent vectors: Culex pipiens biotype pipiens, Culex pipiens biotype molestus and Culex torrentium, across England and Wales.
methodsMosquitoes were sampled for 3 trap nights (3TN) at 200 sites in rural, urban and suburban settings, selected using a lattice plus close pairs surveillance design. Field-caught samples were analysed using morphological and molecular approaches.
resultsA total of 2157 adult mosquitoes of the Culex genus were collected. Culex pipiens biotype pipiens dominated the resident Culex populations, comprising 1478 (95.8%) out of 1543 mosquitoes with confirmed molecular species identity. Culex torrentium were present in much lower numbers, with only 38 (2.5%) identified mostly and in the central and southwestern regions. Only five of the biotype molestus (0.3%) were identified in this study; however these were found in localities outside of London and in a rural location, with the biotype previously having been associated with human-made habitats. This study also found that hybrids of the pipiens and molestus biotypes are more widespread than previously recorded. In total, 22 hybrids (1.4%) were identified from counties as far west as Cornwall and as far north as Suffolk.
conclusionsCoupled with reviews of previous UK Culex sp. surveys, this study provides essential data for the vectorial component of risk modelling of WNV and USUV in the UK, furthering the country's preparedness for incursions of vector-borne diseases in the future.
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