Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40767139›Full record

ArticleJournal of diabetes investigation2025

The relationship between depressive symptoms and glycemic control is stronger in women with type 2 diabetes in South Asians: Results from a cross-sectional multicenter study.

Md Kamruzzaman, Jessica A Marathe, Karen L Jones, Matthew A Borg, Michael Horowitz, Scott R Clark, Chinmay S Marathe

Abstract readMulticenter Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of diabetes investigation, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Md KamruzzamanAdelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5138-2182
Jessica A MaratheAdelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6084-8391
Karen L JonesAdelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1155-5816
Matthew A BorgSchool of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4741-553X
Michael HorowitzAdelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0942-0306
Scott R ClarkDiscipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1640-5611
Chinmay S MaratheAdelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8086-2449

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionWhile the bidirectional relationship between depression and diabetes is well recognized, the outcome of studies evaluating the potential for sex disparity, especially in low-to-middle-income (LMIC) South Asian countries, is unexplored. We evaluated sex differences in the relationship between depressive symptoms and glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes in Bangladesh.

methods1,485 unselected individuals with, and 228 without, type 2 diabetes completed the PHQ-9 (depression screening questionnaire), and sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained. The PHQ-9 scores were categorized as mild (5-10), moderate (10-15), moderately severe (15-20), and severe (≥20) depressive symptoms, with scores ≥10 indicating clinically relevant symptoms. Descriptive statistics and ordinal and binary logistic regression analyses were performed.

resultsIn individuals with type 2 diabetes, mean HbA1c was 9.8 ± 0.1%, with no difference between sexes (9.9 ± 0.1% vs 9.7 ± 0.2%, P = 0.39). The overall mean PHQ-9 score was 8.5 ± 0.2, with females exhibiting higher scores (9.5 ± 0.2 vs 7.1 ± 0.2, P < 0.001). Depressive symptoms correlated with older age, lower education level, longer diabetes duration (>5 years: OR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1-2.3), suboptimal (HbA1c 7-9%: OR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1-3.2), and poorer glycemic control (HbA1c ≥9%: OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.9). Suboptimal (OR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.1-4.3) or poor (OR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.3-4.9) glycemic control and diabetes duration of 1-5 years (OR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.2-3.0) and >5 years (OR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.5-3.9) were associated with an increased likelihood of mild-to-severe depressive symptoms in females, but not in males.

conclusionThe association of depressive symptoms and poor glycemic control in type 2 diabetes in South Asians is stronger in females.

Indexed as

DepressionDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Glycemic ControlAdultAgedBangladeshBlood GlucoseCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleGlycated HemoglobinHumansMaleMiddle AgedPrognosisSex FactorsSouth Asian PeopleBlood GlucoseGlycated Hemoglobinhemoglobin A1c protein, humanDepressive symptomsGlycemic controlWomen's mental health

Identifiers

PMID40767139
PMCPMC12489334

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.