ArticleBMC medicine2025
The global burden of disease attributable to suboptimal fruit and vegetable intake, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study.
Article in BMC medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- The burden of anemia related to inflammatory bowel disease in China: Epidemic trends, subtype differences and driving factors.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2026Article
- The Burden of Disease Attributable to Diet Low in Vegetables From 1990 to 2021: A Global Analysis.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Factors associated with discontinued participation in a fruit and vegetable incentive program in Seattle, Washington (United States): The role of community-based organizations in engaging non-English speakers.Preventive medicine reports · 2026Article
- Global, regional, and national tuberculosis burden associated with six suboptimal dietary exposures from 1990 to 2021: a comparative risk assessment based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Exposure to Global Burden of Disease dietary factors and risk of recurrent depressive symptoms: the prospective Whitehall II cohort study.European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Agricultural abundance, dietary shortfall: national determinants of daily fruit and vegetable intake in Türkiye National Nutrition and Health Survey.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2026Article
- Global burden and trends of cardiovascular disease attributable to low vegetable intake: a global burden of disease 1990-2021 analysis and projection to 2035.NPJ science of food · 2026Article
- The declining but persistent burden of lower respiratory infections from secondhand smoke in children aged under 14 years: Global trends 1990-2021 and forecasts to 2035, based on a secondary dataset analysis of Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Article
- Global, regional and national burden of polycystic ovary syndrome: historical trends from 1990 to 2021 and projections to 2035.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- The Biologically Active Compounds in Fruits of Cultivated Varieties and Wild Species of Apples.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
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13 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundSuboptimal fruit and vegetable intake remains a significant global public health concern. This study aimed to estimate the global intake and the disease burden attributable to suboptimal fruit and vegetable intake.
methodsIn this Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021, we evaluated the number, age-standardized rates (ASRs), and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) in deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to suboptimal fruit and vegetable intake among adults aged over 25 years, across 21 regions and 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021.
resultsIn 2021, the global average intake of fruit and vegetable was 121.8 g/day and 212.6 g/day, respectively, far below the optimal intake range (fruit: 340-350 g/day, vegetable: 306-372 g/day). Suboptimal consumption contributed to 1.7 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 0.8 to 2.5, fruit) and 0.9 million (95% UI 0.5 to 1.2, vegetable) deaths globally, with cardiovascular diseases accounting for 83.7% (ASR 16.80/100,000) and 79.3% (ASR 8.22/100,000) of mortality attributable to suboptimal fruit and vegetable intake, respectively. Between 1990 and 2021, age-standardized mortality rates decreased by 35% (95%UI 28% to 40%) for fruit and 45% (95% UI 38% to 50%) for vegetables. The global disease burden attributable to suboptimal fruit and vegetable intake was inversely associated with sociodemographic index (SDI) and human development index (HDI). Over three decades, the difference in fruit (52.0 vs. 84.4 g/day) and vegetable (125.5 vs. 158.5 g/day) intake between higher (high, high-middle, middle) and lower (low-middle, low) SDI regions increased by 62.3% and 26.3%, respectively. Meanwhile, disparities in disease burden also increased, as higher SDI regions experienced greater reductions in age-standardized mortality due to suboptimal fruit (- 47.0% vs. - 17.7%) and vegetable (- 58.8% vs. - 26.8%) intake, highlighting widening health inequities linked to developmental disparities.
conclusionsSuboptimal fruit and vegetable intake continues to contribute to a substantial and unequal global disease burden. Reducing this burden should be a global priority, particularly in regions with low SDI and HDI.
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