ArticleCell reports. Physical science2025
Excitation and polarization of isolated neurons by high-frequency sine waves for temporal interference stimulation.
Article in Cell reports. Physical science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Modulated high-frequency stimulation enables precisely timed, selective nerve block.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- On the feasibility of temporal interference stimulation of human brains using two arrays of electrodes.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Resolving nanosecond kinetics of the optical membrane potential in pulsed electric fields.Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Thalamic transcranial electrical stimulation with temporal interference enhances sleep spindle activity during a daytime nap.Sleep advances : a journal of the Sleep Research Society · 2026Article
- The same biophysical mechanism is involved in both temporal interference and direct kHz stimulation of peripheral nerves.Nature communications · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The capacity of temporal interference (TI) stimulation to target deep brain regions without affecting nearby surface electrodes remains uncertain. Using artifact-free optical recording, we compare excitation patterns and thresholds in hippocampal neurons stimulated by "pure" and amplitude-modulated sine waves, representing TI waveforms near electrodes and at the target, respectively. We show that pure 2- and 20-kHz sine waves induce repetitive firing at rates that increase up to 60-90 Hz with stronger electric fields. Beyond this limit, action potentials merge into sustained depolarization, resulting in an excitation block. Modulating the sine waves at 20 Hz aligns firing with amplitude "beats" and prevents the excitation block but does not lower excitation thresholds. Thus, off-target TI effects appear unavoidable, though the patterns of neuronal excitation and downstream effects may differ from those at the target. We further analyze membrane charging and relaxation kinetics at nanoscale resolution and confirm an excitation mechanism independent of envelope extraction.
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Registered trials
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