ArticleBeilstein journal of nanotechnology2025
Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems.
Article in Beilstein journal of nanotechnology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive treatment involving a photosensitizer (PS), light source, and tissue oxygen. Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is commonly used as a PS due to its tumor-targeting properties and phototoxicity. However, the physicochemical properties of PpIX foster self-aggregation, which is a challenge for its incorporation into pharmaceutical formulations. This study aimed to evaluate the solubility of PpIX in distinct solvent systems to support the development of novel pharmaceutical formulations. The shake-flask method was employed, using purified water, 50% ethanol (EtOH50), 77% ethanol (EtOH77), absolute ethanol (EtOHabs), and polymeric systems containing 10% (w/w) poloxamer 407 (P407) in water, in EtOH50 or in EtOH77. Approximately 10 to 25 mg of PpIX was added to 25 mL of the solvent, and the solutions were stirred at 100 rpm, at 37 °C, for up to 96 h. The PpIX concentration was measured by using a validated method (
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