ReviewBrain and behavior2025
Neurofeedback for ADHD: Exploring the Role of Quantitative EEG and Brainwave Modulation.
Review in Brain and behavior, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- Comparative Effects of BCI-Based Attention Training, Methylphenidate, and Citicoline on Attention and Executive Function in School-Age Children: A Quasi-Experimental Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Quantitative electroencephalography as a next-generation tool in neurodiagnostics: significance, clinical applications, and practical interpretative frameworks.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- [Electroencephalographic assessment of the relationship between frontal alpha asymmetry and emotion dysregulation in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex and prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, often persisting into adulthood. This review aims to examine the neurobiological basis of ADHD, the role of quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) in identifying biomarkers, and the clinical utility and challenges of neurofeedback (NFB) as a non-pharmacological intervention.
methodA narrative review approach was employed to synthesize findings from recent neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies. Particular emphasis was placed on brain regions implicated in ADHD (e.g., prefrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, thalamus), EEG-based biomarkers (notably the theta/beta ratio), and methodological factors influencing the efficacy of NFB protocols.
findingsEvidence suggests that NFB, grounded in operant conditioning, can modify dysfunctional brainwave patterns associated with ADHD. qEEG serves as a valuable tool for both identifying neurophysiological subtypes (e.g., cortical hypoarousal, hyperarousal, delayed maturation) and tailoring NFB protocols. However, heterogeneity in protocols, placebo effects (∼40% short-term improvement), and variability in ADHD neurophysiology present significant challenges to standardisation and generalisability.
conclusionWhile neurofeedback shows promise in reducing ADHD symptoms, its long-term efficacy and comparability to pharmacological treatments remain inconclusive. Future large-scale, well-controlled trials are needed to establish robust, standardized protocols. Integrating NFB within a personalized, multimodal treatment framework may enhance clinical outcomes, particularly when tailored to EEG-based ADHD subtypes.
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