ArticleEuropean journal of medical research2025
Celecoxib disrupts temporal coordination of TGF-β/α-SMA signaling in skeletal muscle repair: a time-dependent study of fibrosis and inflammation.
Article in European journal of medical research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Effects and Mechanisms of Wrist-Ankle Acupuncture on Inflammatory Pain in the Rat Gastrocnemius Muscle [Letter].Journal of pain research · 2026Article
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7 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundThe role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors in skeletal muscle repair remains controversial due to their potential dual effects on inflammation and fibrosis. This study investigates the time-dependent impacts of the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib on skeletal muscle regeneration, focusing on its modulation of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and COX-2 pathways, to guide optimized therapeutic strategies.
methodsSeventy-two C57BL/6 mice with blunt-impact gastrocnemius muscle injuries were divided into three groups: normal (no injury + saline), model (injury + saline), and celecoxib (injury + 100 mg/kg celecoxib). Tissue samples were collected at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days post-injury. Histopathological changes were assessed via hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Masson staining. Molecular expression of α-SMA and TGF-β was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, COX-2 by immunofluorescence, and protein levels by Western blot.
resultsCelecoxib significantly reduced early-phase inflammation (3-7 days; P < 0.05) and fibrosis (P < 0.001) but delayed fibrosis resolution at 14-21 days. In the model group, α-SMA and TGF-β expression peaked at day 3 and day 7, respectively, followed by gradual declines. Celecoxib elevated α-SMA at day 3 (P < 0.05) but suppressed TGF-β from day 7 onward (P < 0.01). COX-2 expression was inhibited by celecoxib from day 3 to day 14 (P < 0.001), and α-SMA/TGF-β co-localization was disrupted, with minimal overlap after day 7.
conclusionsCelecoxib mitigates early-phase inflammation, its prolonged use may compromise late-stage tissue maturation. These findings advocate for time-restricted administration of celecoxib in muscle injury therapy, emphasizing the need to balance acute symptom management with long-term functional recovery.
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