ArticleJournal of general internal medicine2026
Fill Patterns of Glucose-Lowering Drugs with Cardiovascular and Kidney Benefits in the Rural and Urban United States, 2012-2021.
Article in Journal of general internal medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Disparities in GLP-1RA and SGLT2i Uptake: a Systematic Review and an Equity-First Framework for Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Care.Current cardiology reports · 2026Pooled it
- Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in Heart Failure.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGlucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1RA) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) improve cardiovascular and kidney outcomes, but accessibility concerns persist. Whether access is worse in rural communities is unknown.
objectiveTo examine fills of GLP1RA/SGLT2i by adults with type 2 diabetes in rural and urban US counties.
designCross-sectional use claims from OptumLabs® Data Warehouse, 2012-2021. PATIENTS: Adults with type 2 diabetes. MAIN MEASURES: We examined rates and odds of fills of GLP1RA or SGLT2i, adjusting for time period, age, sex, presence of cardiorenal comorbidities (heart failure [HF], atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [ASCVD], chronic kidney disease stages 3-4 [CKD]), and rurality. KEY
resultsThe study included 2,579,577 adults with type 2 diabetes (mean age 63.9; 49.6% female). Compared to 2012-2015, fills of GLP1RA/SGLT2i increased in 2016-2018 (OR 2.49; 95% CI 2.47-2.52) and 2019-2021 (OR 4.35; 95% CI 4.30-4.39). By 2019-2021, the percentages of patients filling GLP1RA/SGLT2i in cities, small towns, and remote areas were 18.8%, 18.8%, and 17.4%, respectively. Small town residents had higher odds of fills than those in cities (OR 1.05; 95% CI 1.04-1.06). Older age was associated with lower fill rates; compared to 18-44 year olds, odds for those 45-64 years were OR 0.88 (95% CI 0.87-0.89), 65-74 years: OR 0.48 (95% CI 0.47-0.48), and ≥ 75 years: OR 0.17 (95% CI 0.17-0.18). Men were less likely to fill GLP1RA/SGLT2i than women (OR 0.91; 95% CI 0.90-0.92). Presence of ASCVD and CKD were associated with greater odds of filling GLP1RA/SGLT2i (OR 1.03 [95% CI 1.01-1.05] and OR 1.12 [95% CI 1.10-1.14], respectively), while HF was associated with lower odds (OR 0.86 [95% CI 0.85-0.88]).
conclusionsGLP1RA and SGLT2i fills increased over time but remained low overall. They were filled more often by younger people, women, those with ASCVD or CKD (but not with HF), and in small towns.
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