ArticleCommunications biology2025
fNIRS reproducibility varies with data quality, analysis pipelines, and researcher experience.
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Article in Communications biology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 20 papers.
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20citing papers in PubMed
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Prefrontal hemodynamic alterations during resting state and stroop interference in cognitively healthy older adults with high plasma pTau-217 levels.Neuroimage. Reports · 2026Article
- Functional near-infrared spectroscopy: Systematic mapping of abnormal brain function features in neurological disorders.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Left frontal activity measured by fNIRS during a verbal memory task is modulated by predictability in cognitively healthy older adults.Neuroimage. Reports · 2026Article
- Cedalion tutorial: a Python-based framework for comprehensive analysis of multimodal fNIRS and DOT from the lab to the everyday world.Neurophotonics · 2026Article
- fNIRS Hemodynamic Alterations in Developmental and Acquired Language Disorders and Dyslexia: An Exploratory Transdiagnostic Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Do babies perceive cries as speech?Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Article
- Cortical activity and functional organisation during ocular pursuit is affected by concurrent upper limb movement.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- AutoML-Multiverse: An Instability-Aware Framework for Quantifying Analytic Variability in Alzheimer's Disease Machine-Learning Studies.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Inflammasome-associated pyroptosis and tumor angiogenesis in prostate cancer.Iranian journal of basic medical sciences · 2026Review
- Feasibility of fNIRS for assessing n-back task-related prefrontal cortex oxygenation after continuous cycling at varying intensities: an evaluation of protocol feasibility.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Article
- Effects of real-time visual feedback (D-WALL) on neuromuscular control in healthy adults: an fNIRS study.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Article
- Impaired task-dependent cerebral cortex oxygenation in Glut1 deficiency.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- DL-QC-fNIRS: a deep learning tool for automated quality control in functional near-infrared spectroscopy signals.Neurophotonics · 2026Article
- Neurocognitive mechanisms of mathematics vocabulary processing in L1 and L2 in South African first graders: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study.Neurophotonics · 2026Article
- Optimizing short-channel regression in fNIRS: an empirical evaluation with ecological audiovisual stimuli.Neurophotonics · 2026Article
- Semantic Modulation of Spatial Judgments in Augmented Reality: Evidence from fNIRS.Brain topography · 2025Article
- Early Detection of Covert Consciousness With Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.Annals of neurology · 2025Article
- Slow running benefits: Boosts in mood and facilitation of prefrontal cortex function even at very light intensity.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)Article
- Effects of auditory stimuli during exhaustive exercise on cerebral oxygenation and psychophysical responses.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
109 authors.
Meryem A Yücel *Boston University, Neurophotonics Center, Boston, MA, USA. mayucel@bu.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4291-2847
Robert Luke *Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4930-8351
Rickson C Mesquita *School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. r.c.mesquita@bham.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1945-6713
Alexander von Lühmann *Intelligent Biomedical Sensing (IBS) Lab, Machine Learning Department, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany. vonluehmann@tu-berlin.de.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4995-293X
David M A MehlerApplied Computational Neuroscience (ACN) lab, Department for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
Michael LührsDepartment of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Jessica GemignaniDepartment of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy.
Androu AbdalmalakBrain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
Franziska AlbrechtDivision of Physiotherapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Iara de Almeida IvoDepartment of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Christina ArtemenkoDepartment of Psychology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5947-7960
Kira AshtonDepartment of Neuroscience, American University, Washington, WA, USA.
Paweł AugustynowiczDepartment of Experimental Psychology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
Aahana BajracharyaMallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, WA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7361-6020
Elise BannierCHU Rennes, Radiology Department, Rennes, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8942-7486
Beatrix BarthDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Laurie BayetDepartment of Neuroscience, American University, Washington, WA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0323-7949
Jacqueline BehrendtIntelligent Biomedical Sensing (IBS) Lab, Machine Learning Department, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Hadi Borj KhaniBEARLabs, Faculty 1, University of Applied Sciences (HTW) Berlin, Berlin, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5495-3964
Lenaic BorotResearch Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, England.
Jordan A BorrellDepartment of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA.
Sabrina BrigadoiDepartment of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy.
Kolby BrinkDepartment of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA.
Chiara BulgarelliCentre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK.
Emmanuel CaruyerUniv Rennes, Inria, CNRS, Inserm, IRISA UMR 6074, Empenn, Rennes, France.
Hsin-Chin ChenDepartment of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Minhsiung, Chiayi, Taiwan.
Christopher CopelandDepartment of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA.
Isabelle CorougeUniv Rennes, Inria, CNRS, Inserm, IRISA UMR 6074, Empenn, Rennes, France.
Simone CutiniDepartment of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy.
Renata Di LorenzoDivision of Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6040-3926
Thomas DreslerDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Adam T EggebrechtMallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, WA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6320-2676
Ann-Christine EhlisDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Sinem B ErdoğanFaculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Danielle EvenblijDepartment of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Talukdar Raian FerdousDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
Victoria FracalossiDepartment of Neuroscience, American University, Washington, WA, USA.
Erika FranzénDivision of Physiotherapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Anne GallagherDepartment of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Christian GerloffDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
Judit GervainDepartment of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy.
Noy GoldhamerThe Translational Neurorehabilitation Lab at Adi Negev Nahalat Eran, Ofakim, Israel.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0007-3147-2843
Louisa K GosséCentre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK.
Ségolène M R GuérinInstitute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
Edgar GuevaraCIACYT, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2313-2810
S M Hadi HosseiniDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Computational Brain Research and Intervention (C-BRAIN) Lab, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5186-7008
Hamish Innes-BrownEriksholm Research Centre, Snekkersten, Denmark.
Isabell Int-VeenDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Sagi Jaffe-DaxSchool of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8759-6980
Nolwenn JégouUniv Rennes, Inria, CNRS, Inserm, IRISA UMR 6074, Empenn, Rennes, France.
Hiroshi KawaguchiHuman Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan.
Caroline KelseyDivision of Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Michaela KentSchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
Roman KesslerDepartment of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4154-7451
Nadeen KherbawySchool of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Franziska KleinApplied Computational Neuroscience (ACN) lab, Department for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
Nofar KochaviSchool of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Matthew KolisnykDepartment of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
Yogev KorenDepartment of Physical Therapy, Ben-Gurion University, Beersheba, Israel.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3287-279X
Agnes KroczekDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Alexander KvistDivision of Physiotherapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-2144
Chen-Hao Paul LinMallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, WA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5038-0262
Andreas LöwExperimental Psychology Unit, Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
Siying LuanHealth and Rehabilitation Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Science, Western University, London, ON, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6861-7010
Darren MaoHuman Hearing, The Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4077-2710
Giovani G MartinsInstitute of Physics, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
Eike MiddellIntelligent Biomedical Sensing (IBS) Lab, Machine Learning Department, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Samuel Montero-HernandezBoston University, Neurophotonics Center, Boston, MA, USA.
Murat Can MutluInstitute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2933-6985
Sergio L NoviDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
Natacha PaquetteDepartment of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Ishara ParanawithanaHuman Hearing, The Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6509-9687
Yisrael ParmetIndustrial engineering and management, Ben-Gurion university, Beersheba, Israel.
Jonathan E PeelleDepartment of Communication Sciences and Disorders and Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9194-854X
Ke PengDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Price Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
Tommy PengHuman Hearing, The Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
João PereiraDepartment of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Paola PintiCentre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK.
Luca PolloniniDepartment of Engineering Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
Ali Rahimpour JounghaniDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Computational Brain Research and Intervention (C-BRAIN) Lab, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Vanessa ReindlDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
Wiebke RingelsApplied Computational Neuroscience (ACN) lab, Department for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
Betti SchoppDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Alina SchulteEriksholm Research Centre, Snekkersten, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0131-1030
Martin Schulte-RütherDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
Ari SegelMallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, WA, USA.
Tirdad Seifi AlaEriksholm Research Centre, Snekkersten, Denmark.
Maureen J ShaderDepartment of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4284-2738
Hadas ShavitSchool of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Arefeh SherafatiMallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, WA, USA.
Mojtaba SoltanlouSchool of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
Bettina SorgerDepartment of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1393-3144
Emma SpehMallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, WA, USA.
Kevin D StubbsBrain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1630-8427
Katharina StuteChemnitz University of Technology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Department of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5302-8512
Eileen F SullivanDivision of Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5949-2850
Sungho TakCenter for Bio-Imaging and Translational Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3836-0082
Zeus TipadoDepartment of Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Julie TremblayDepartment of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Homa VahidiSchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
Maaike Van EeckhoutteDepartment of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5612-5326
Phetsamone VannasingDepartment of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Gregoire VergotteEuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France.
Marion A VincentSciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, University of Lille, CNRS, Lille, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1761-7491
Eileen WeissDepartment of Clinical Neuropsychology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
Dalin YangMallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, WA, USA.
Gülnaz YükselenFaculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Dariusz ZapałaDepartment of Experimental Psychology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
Vit ZemanekFaculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Funding
The Neuroscience of Everyday World- A novel wearable system for continuous measurement of brain functionU01EB029856 · NIBIB · BOSTON UNIVERSITY (CHARLES RIVER CAMPUS) · PI BOAS, DAVID A, KIRAN, SWATHI · 2020 to 2024
$6.5MIndividual differences in brain networks supporting speech understanding in patientswith cochlear implantsR01DC019507 · NIDCD · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI Jonathan E Peelle · 2022 to 2026
$2.1MAttention-based neural response to threat moderates the expression of BIF32HD105312 · NICHD · BOSTON CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL · PI KELSEY, CAROLINE M. · 2021 to 2023
$198kNIBIB NIH HHS U01 EB029856NICHD NIH HHS F32 HD105312NIDCD NIH HHS R01 DC019507
Abstract
As data analysis pipelines grow more complex in brain imaging research, understanding how methodological choices affect results is essential for ensuring reproducibility and transparency. This is especially relevant for functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS), a rapidly growing technique for assessing brain function in naturalistic settings and across the lifespan, yet one that still lacks standardized analysis approaches. In the fNIRS Reproducibility Study Hub (FRESH) initiative, we asked 38 research teams worldwide to independently analyze the same two fNIRS datasets. Despite using different pipelines, nearly 80% of teams agreed on group-level results, particularly when hypotheses were strongly supported by literature. Teams with higher self-reported analysis confidence, which correlated with years of fNIRS experience, showed greater agreement. At the individual level, agreement was lower but improved with better data quality. The main sources of variability were related to how poor-quality data were handled, how responses were modeled, and how statistical analyses were conducted. These findings suggest that while flexible analytical tools are valuable, clearer methodological and reporting standards could greatly enhance reproducibility. By identifying key drivers of variability, this study highlights current challenges and offers direction for improving transparency and reliability in fNIRS research.
Indexed as
BrainData AccuracyResearch PersonnelHumansReproducibility of ResultsSpectroscopy, Near-Infrared
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