ArticleRMD open2025
TNF inhibitors affect the induction and maintenance of spike-specific B-cell responses after mRNA vaccination.
Article in RMD open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Heterogeneous Activated B Cell Compartments Arising Early and Transiently After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination.European journal of immunology · 2026Article
- Persistent CMV IgM Without IgG Seroconversion in an Immunomodulated Pregnant Woman: A Case Report.Case reports in infectious diseases · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
29 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTumour necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) are widely used and effective as treatment for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). However, TNFi therapy causes a faster waning of antibody responses following vaccination. The underlying cause by which TNFi affect humoral immunity remains to be elucidated. The formation of long-lasting, high-affinity antibodies after vaccination results from germinal centre (GC)-derived, T cell-dependent B-cell responses. Therefore, this study investigated how TNFi affect the formation and maintenance of antigen-specific B- and CD4+ T-cell responses following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination.
methodsSARS-CoV-2 spike-specific B-cell responses were characterised using spectral flow cytometry. Spike-specific CD4+ T cells were measured using an activation-induced marker assay. 15 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treated with TNFi were compared with 9 IBD patients without systemic immunosuppression and 10 healthy controls.
resultsSpike-specific CD4+T-cell frequency and phenotype, including T follicular helper cells, were not affected by TNFi. Total spike-specific B-cell frequencies were reduced in TNFi-treated patients. Deep phenotyping revealed lower IgG+memory B-cell frequencies in TNFi-treated patients 3-6 months after vaccination. These data were confirmed in TNFi-treated rheumatoid arthritis patients. Interestingly, already at day 7 after the second vaccination, TNFi therapy reduced the induction of class-switched CD11c- CD71+activated B cells, which are believed to be GC-derived. Conversely, CD11c+B cells, associated with extrafollicular B-cell responses, were not affected by TNFi therapy.
conclusionsThese data suggest that TNFi therapy affects the differentiation of GC-derived B cells, which may explain its effect on humoral immune responses.
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