ArticleThe American journal of clinical nutrition2025
Low-fat and whole milk consumption in relation to cardiovascular disease-related and all-cause mortality: a prospective cohort study in 3 Norwegian counties.
Article in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The doseFrontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Food Substitution Modeling Approaches: A Methodological Study.Current developments in nutrition · 2026Article
- Maternal high-fat diet and risk of cardiovascular disease in offspring: a review of mechanisms, controversies, and interventions.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2026Review
- Dairy consumption and cardiovascular disease risk: a multi-level analysis with inflammatory biomarker mediation.Nutrition & metabolism · 2025Article
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6 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundThe impact of milk consumption on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk or mortality is unclear, and specific comparisons between types of milk are scarce.
objectivesWe aimed to investigate the associations between milk consumption, measured in a large Norwegian cohort in 3 counties during 1974-1988, and CVD-related mortality and all-cause mortality and to compare the associations between whole (full-fat) and low-fat milk.
methodsThis population-based, prospective cohort study included adults invited to repeated health screenings in the Norwegian Counties Study (>80% attendance). Dietary intake was assessed from food frequency questionnaires at each screening in 1974-1988. Cox regression analysis was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs for the associations between milk intake (assessed as cumulative mean intake from repeated questionnaires) and risk of death from all CVD, ischemic heart disease (IHD), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and all causes.
resultsAmong 73,860 participants included in this study (mean age: 41.2 years at baseline; 49% females), 26,393 deaths occurred (8590 from CVD, 4372 from IHD, and 3047 from AMI) during a median follow-up of 33 y. Comparing the highest with the lowest quintile of overall milk intake, the HR was 1.12 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.21) for CVD-related mortality and 1.22 (95% CI: 1.16, 1.28) for all-cause mortality. For whole milk, high compared with no intake was positively associated with CVD (HR: 1.07; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.16), IHD (HR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.27), and all-cause mortality (HR: 1.15; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.21). Compared with whole milk, low-fat milk intake was associated with lower CVD-related, IHD-related, AMI-related, and all-cause mortality. The associations were attenuated in analyses considering only baseline intakes.
conclusionsIn this cohort with high milk consumption, whole milk is associated with higher CVD and all-cause mortality, whereas low-fat milk is not. Low-fat milk may be associated with lower risks than whole milk.
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