ArticleThe Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association2025
Examining geographic disparities in access to no-cost naloxone in North Carolina: A cross-sectional survey of naloxone distribution programs.
Article in The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Evaluating demographic variation in no-cost naloxone distribution in North Carolina: a cross-sectional survey study.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Over-the-counter naloxone sales and pricing variability in North Carolina following FDA approval.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2026Article
- "With a little help from my friends" - collaborating with community experts to improve sampling and obtain a high response rate for a statewide naloxone availability survey.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Examining geographic disparities in access to no-cost naloxone in North Carolina: A cross-sectional survey of naloxone distribution programs.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2025Article
- Availability and cost of naloxone over time: A longitudinal secret shopper study in North Carolina community pharmacies.Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhAArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThe objective of this study was to comprehensively identify the programs that distribute naloxone at no-cost in North Carolina, identify where and to whom these programs distribute naloxone, and evaluate disparities in reported naloxone distribution by geographic area.
methodsA cross-sectional online survey was delivered to potential no-cost naloxone distributors in NC identified by a community advisory panel. Descriptive statistics and Fisher exact tests were utilized to identify disparities in naloxone access by population served (people who use drugs, people who inject drugs) and location of naloxone distribution (rural; urban/suburban).
resultsApproximately 76.5% (241/315) of respondents representing 341 different programs reported that their program(s) distributed no-cost naloxone to community members. Programs represented included health departments (n = 81), treatment programs/centers (n = 59), and syringe service programs(SSPs) (n = 41), among others. Programs reported distributing naloxone most frequently to people who use drugs (94.2%) and people with a substance use disorder history (94.3%). No-cost naloxone distribution was reported less frequently to all patient populations in rural ZIP codes when compared to urban ZIP codes, including justice-involved populations (86.4% vs. 98.3%) and individuals leaving treatment or detox (87.9% vs. 98.6%).
conclusionThis study indicates that although most areas in NC were served by at least one no-cost naloxone program, distribution to rural populations may be limited, indicating a need for increased public investment in no-cost naloxone distribution to populations at greatest risk of overdose.
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Registered trials
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