Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40757453›Full record

SynthesisDiabetes, obesity & metabolism2025

Continuous glucose monitoring in noninsulin-treated type 2 diabetes: A critical review of reported trials with an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

Ronnie Aronson, Alexander Abitbol, Harpreet S Bajaj, Alice Y Y Cheng, Stavroula Christopoulos, Stewart B Harris, Akshay B Jain, Ronald M Goldenberg

Abstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Guideline
  2. Pooled it
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Review
  6. Review
  7. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Ronnie AronsonLMC Diabetes & Endocrinology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-8976-2321
Alexander AbitbolLMC Diabetes & Endocrinology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.ORCID 0000-0001-6830-3532
Harpreet S BajajEndocrine and Metabolic Research, LMC Diabetes & Endocrinology, Brampton, Ontario, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-1461-1465
Alice Y Y ChengDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital of Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.ORCID 0000-0003-2729-606X
Stavroula ChristopoulosDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Québec, Canada.ORCID 0000-0003-2552-5914
Stewart B HarrisDepartment of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-1794-6551
Akshay B JainTLC Diabetes and Endocrinology, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada.ORCID 0000-0001-8515-5359
Ronald M GoldenbergLMC Diabetes & Endocrinology, Concord, Ontario, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-1788-3255

Funding

Abbott Canada
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimsWe aimed to review the observational and randomised clinical trial evidence and provide pragmatic recommendations for using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in individuals living with noninsulin-treated type 2 diabetes (T2DM). MATERIALS AND

methodsWe first undertook a narrative review of observational studies that enrolled noninsulin-users or mixed populations of noninsulin and insulin-users with T2DM as well as randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that enrolled mixed populations with T2DM. We then performed a systematic review of the RCTs that specifically enrolled noninsulin-treated populations with T2DM and compared CGM to BGM/usual care. A meta-analysis of glycaemic outcomes was conducted with predefined subgroups based on CGM type.

resultsRCTs in mixed populations and observational studies demonstrated a largely consistent benefit of CGM on glycaemic and nonglycaemic outcomes with cost effectiveness and reduced healthcare resource utilisation. The meta-analysis of RCTs in noninsulin users included 8 studies encompassing 541 participants, among whom 297 (55%) were assigned to the CGM group. CGM was associated with significantly reduced HbA1c (weighted mean difference [WMD] -0.37%; 95% CI -0.49, -0.24; p < 0.00001; I

conclusionsCGM use in noninsulin-treated individuals living with T2DM was associated with improved glycaemic outcomes and patient experience, reduced health care resource utilisation, and acceptable cost-effectiveness. These findings provide additional evidence to support CGM use among people living with T2DM who are not using insulin therapy.

Indexed as

Blood GlucoseBlood Glucose Self-MonitoringContinuous Glucose MonitoringDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Glycemic ControlCost-Benefit AnalysisGlycated HemoglobinHumansHypoglycemic AgentsInsulinObservational Studies as TopicRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicBlood GlucoseGlycated Hemoglobinhemoglobin A1c protein, humanHypoglycemic AgentsInsulincontinuous glucose monitoringmeta‐analysisnoninsulin treatedtype 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID40757453
PMCPMC12515760

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.