Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40757402›Full record

ArticleJournal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines2026

Multilevel risk and protective factors for self-harm, suicidal ideation and suicide attempt in adolescents.

Alison L Calear, Philip J Batterham, Aliza Werner-Seidler, Kate Maston, Michelle Torok, Bridianne O'Dea, Mark E Larsen, Helen Christensen

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In one paragraph

Article in Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Alison L CalearCentre for Mental Health Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-7028-725X
Philip J BatterhamCentre for Mental Health Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
Aliza Werner-SeidlerBlack Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Kate MastonBlack Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Michelle TorokBlack Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Bridianne O'DeaFlinders University Institute for Mental Health and Wellbeing, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Mark E LarsenBlack Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Helen ChristensenBlack Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Funding

National Health and Medical Research Council 1138405National Health and Medical Research Council 1155614National Health and Medical Research Council 1173146National Health and Medical Research Council 1197074National Health and Medical Research Council 2007731
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundBetter characterising risk and protective factors for suicidal distress and self-harm in adolescents may facilitate better targeting of interventions that address underlying vulnerabilities. However, few previous longitudinal studies have: (1) sufficient power to identify key risk and protective factors, (2) limited representativeness to the community and (3) accounted for multilevel factors (individual, family, community). This study aimed to assess prevalence and identify risk and protective factors for self-harm, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in a large cohort of Australian adolescents.

methodsData from 4,122 adolescents from 134 Australian schools were collected as part of the Future Proofing Study, a prospective cohort study of adolescent mental health and wellbeing. Generalised linear mixed models were used to assess the effect of baseline mental health, lifestyle, social and school-level factors on self-harm, suicidal ideation and suicide attempt at 12-month follow-up.

resultsAt 12-month follow-up, 17.7% of adolescents reported self-harming behaviour, 18.6% reported suicidal ideation and 3.0% reported a suicide attempt. In addition to mental health history, female and gender-diverse identities, LGBTQA+ identity and greater levels of prosocial behaviour were significantly associated with self-harm and suicidal ideation. Peer problems were associated with suicidal ideation and suicide attempt.

conclusionsRates of suicidal distress and self-harm remain high in Australian adolescents. Reducing symptoms of depression, improving peer relationships, mitigating online bullying and providing social support for families may be suitable targets for future prevention and early intervention programs.

Indexed as

Adolescent BehaviorSelf-Injurious BehaviorSuicidal IdeationSuicide, AttemptedAdolescentAustraliaFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansMaleProspective StudiesProtective FactorsRisk Factorsadolescentprotective factorsrisk factorsself‐harmSuicide

Identifiers

PMID40757402
PMCPMC13102040

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.