Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40756586›Full record

ArticleIJID regions2025

Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B virus infection in Zakho City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq; a population-based study.

Nawfal R Hussein, Ibrahim A Naqid, Halder J Abozait, Nashwan Mr Ibrahim, Shakir A Jamal, Brisik H Rashad, Rijwan Azad Waisi, Dalia Ayhan Naji, Nadia Sulaiman Salih, Iman Salah Hassan and 8 more

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Article in IJID regions, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Nawfal R HusseinDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Zakho, Zakho City, Iraq.
Ibrahim A NaqidDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Zakho, Zakho City, Iraq.
Halder J AbozaitDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok City, Iraq.
Nashwan Mr IbrahimDepartment of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok City, Iraq.
Shakir A JamalDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Zakho, Zakho City, Iraq.
Brisik H RashadDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Zakho, Zakho City, Iraq.
Rijwan Azad WaisiDepartment of Medical Education Development, College of Medicine, University of Zakho, Zakho City, Iraq.
Dalia Ayhan NajiDepartment of Medical Education Development, College of Medicine, University of Zakho, Zakho City, Iraq.
Nadia Sulaiman SalihDepartment of Medical Education Development, College of Medicine, University of Zakho, Zakho City, Iraq.
Iman Salah HassanDepartment of Medical Education Development, College of Medicine, University of Zakho, Zakho City, Iraq.
Parween Fadhil AhmedDepartment of Medical Education Development, College of Medicine, University of Zakho, Zakho City, Iraq.
Nidar Loqman KhwastyDepartment of Medical Education Development, College of Medicine, University of Zakho, Zakho City, Iraq.
Marwa Faris HajiDepartment of Medical Education Development, College of Medicine, University of Zakho, Zakho City, Iraq.
Alina Abo IssaDepartment of Medical Education Development, College of Medicine, University of Zakho, Zakho City, Iraq.
Marwa Talib AbdulrazaqDepartment of Medical Education Development, College of Medicine, University of Zakho, Zakho City, Iraq.
Merdeen Muhammed Rasheed MoradDepartment of Medical Education Development, College of Medicine, University of Zakho, Zakho City, Iraq.
Zana Sidiq Mohammed SaleemDepartment of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok City, Iraq.
Dildar H MusaDepartment of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok City, Iraq.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background and objectives: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a significant global health challenge, particularly in developing countries. Despite the availability of an effective vaccine, chronic HBV infection continues to cause substantial morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of HBV infection in Zakho City, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 26 February 2025 in Zakho City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, using a multistage random sampling method. Data were collected from 386 participants through structured face-to-face interviews and serological testing for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-hepatitis B core immunoglobulin G antibody (HBcAb) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The overall HBV positivity rate (HBcAb-positive) was 8%, with 7% indicating past infection (HBcAb-positive, HBsAg-negative) and 1% indicating chronic infection (HBcAb-positive and HBsAg-positive). In the multivariate analysis, HBV positivity was significantly associated with older age ( Conclusions: The findings demonstrate a moderate prevalence of past HBV infection and a relatively low rate of chronic carriers in Zakho city. Older age and male gender were significant predictors of HBV positivity. These results underscore the importance of continued public health efforts in HBV screening, early detection, and vaccination, particularly targeting older and at-risk populations.

Indexed as

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)Kurdistan Region, IraqPopulation-based studyPrevalenceRisk factorsZakho City

Identifiers

PMID40756586
PMCPMC12318334

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.