ArticleThe Journal of nutrition2025
Associations among Human Milk Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Infant Sleep Patterns: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Article in The Journal of nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04805008 (The Lactation Cookie Study), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Lactation Cookie Study
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10 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundInfant sleep is critical for cognitive, emotional, and long-term health outcomes. Although diet-sleep relationships are established, limited research has explored how polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in human milk (HM) relate to infant sleep.
objectivesThis study aims to examine associations between PUFAs in HM and sleep patterns in 2-mo-old infants exclusively fed with HM.
methodsThis cross-sectional secondary analysis used data from a lactation cookie trial involving 131 parents of healthy, term infants. Participants provided a fasting HM sample and completed sociodemographic and Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire surveys. Multivariate linear models were adjusted for infant sex assigned at birth, weight-for-length z-scores, maternal prepregnancy body mass index, and daily feedings.
resultsParticipants self-identified as 81.7% White, 13.3% Hispanic, with 25.9% reporting an annual income <US$45,000. Infants slept a mean of 14.67 h [standard deviation (SD) = 2.65]. PUFAs constituted 20.91% (SD = 4.47) of total milk fatty acids, with omega-3 and omega-6 comprising 1.75% (SD = 0.53) and 19.16% (SD = 4.09), respectively. Significant positive associations were observed between total sleep and omega-3 [B = 1.06, standard error (SE) = 0.47, P = 0.026], omega-6 (B = 0.14, SE = 0.06, P = 0.022), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (B = 1.10, SE = 0.53, P = 0.040), and linoleic acid (LA) (B = 0.15, SE = 0.06, P = 0.016). When sleep was partitioned into diurnal or nocturnal, greater omega-3 and omega-6, particularly ALA and LA, were significantly associated with increased diurnal sleep duration: (ALA, B = 1.11, SE = 0.39, P = 0.005; LA, B = 0.12, SE = 0.05, P = 0.009). No significant associations were observed with nocturnal sleep.
conclusionsHigher HM proportions of omega-3 and omega-6, particularly ALA and LA, were associated with greater diurnal sleep in exclusively HM-fed 2 month olds. Further research is needed to explore underlying mechanisms and long-term developmental impacts. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04805008.
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