ArticleBMC plant biology2025
Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi and germanium: a dual approach to enhancing oat growth and mitigating oxidative damage due to bismuth contamination.
Article in BMC plant biology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Organic Germanium (Ge-132) Reduces Glycative Damage While Maintaining Cellular Stress Signaling, Revealing Limited Coordination Between Biochemical and Cellular Responses.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
This study investigated the adverse effects of Bismuth (Bi) on oat (Avena sativa) growth and its impact on detoxification mechanisms, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant capacity, and osmoregulation. Additionally, it examined the potential of germanium (Ge) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), individually or in combination, to mitigate these effects. Bi exposure significantly reduced fresh weight and dry weight by 65% and 68.9% of control , respectively. However, the combined application (AMF + Ge + Bi) increased fresh and dry weights by 92.8% and 123.9%, respectively, and improved photosynthesis by 67%, mitigating Bi-induced reductions. Bi exposure significantly increased oxidative stress markers, including H₂O₂ and MDA, while treatments with Ge and AMF mitigated these effects. Antioxidant metabolites (e.g., polyphenols, ASC and GSH) and enzymes activities (e.g., SOD, APX and CAT) increased, particularly under the combined Ge + Bi treatment, which enhanced the plant defense system, with total antioxidant capacity showing the highest rise (129.2%) compared to untreated plants. Detoxification responses such as increased phytochelatins and glutathione-related compounds were observed under Bi stress, while Ge and AMF improved detoxification efficiency by reducing metallothionein levels. At the same time, the accumulation of proline and soluble sugars supported osmotic adjustment. Overall, the synergistic action of Ge and AMF alleviated Bi-induced stress by enhancing growth, boosting photosynthesis, reducing oxidative damage, and strengthening detoxification capacity, highlighting their potential for improving crop resilience.
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Registered trials
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