Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40752054›Full record

ArticleInfant behavior & development2025

Automated iPad-based gaze detection in the NIH Baby Toolbox® norming study.

Miriam A Novack, Y Catherine Han, Aaron J Kaat, Sarah Pila, Rachel M Flynn, Katy Bedjeti, Maria Varela Diaz, Rachel T Hanrahan, Steve Glinberg, Paula H Sievert and 5 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Infant behavior & development, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. NIH Baby Toolbox® methodology and norms development.Infant behavior & development · 2025
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Composite scores for the NIH Baby Toolbox®.Infant behavior & development · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Miriam A NovackNorthwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. Electronic address: Miriam.novack@northwestern.edu.
Y Catherine HanNorthwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
Aaron J KaatNorthwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
Sarah PilaNorthwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
Rachel M FlynnSan Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Katy BedjetiNorthwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
Maria Varela DiazNorthwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
Rachel T HanrahanNorthwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
Steve GlinbergGlinberg & Associates, Inc., Madison, WI, USA.
Paula H SievertHelium Foot Software, Inc, Chicago, IL, USA.
Cecily FrederickGlinberg & Associates, Inc., Madison, WI, USA.
Pranav RajivNorthwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
Christian ClareHelium Foot Software, Inc, Chicago, IL, USA.
Vitali UstsinovichNorthwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
Richard C GershonNorthwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.

Funding

TASK ORDER 5: MAKE READY THE NIH BABY TOOLBOX FOR END USERS: FINALIZE ALL PARTICIPANT-LEVEL DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSES, AND DISSEMINATION75N94019D00005 · NICHD · NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY AT CHICAGO · PI GERSHON, RICHARD · 2019 to 2024
$12.7M
NICHD NIH HHS 75N94019D00005
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The NIH Baby Toolbox® ("Baby Toolbox") is a comprehensive battery of assessments administered on an iPad and designed for children aged 1-42 months. It is also the first normed developmental assessment to include gaze paradigms, which are common in developmental research and provide a non-invasive technique for measuring attention and cognitive processes without requiring a coordinated motor or verbal response from the child. Baby Toolbox gaze paradigms collect real-time eye gaze data using augmented reality features native to the iPad. Here, we describe our approach to developing and validating this gaze technology for the Baby Toolbox norming study. In a sample of 1079 infants between 6 and 23 months, we found strong calibration success across ages, sex, race/ethnicity, parental education and eye-color although some group differences emerged for race/ethnicity and parental education. Reliability results against hand-coding demonstrated moderate to strong reliability, although results varied by individual. Overall, these results highlight the Baby Toolbox gaze technology as an exciting and novel approach to developmental assessment.

Indexed as

AttentionChild DevelopmentComputers, HandheldEye-Tracking TechnologyFixation, OcularChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansInfantMaleNational Institutes of Health (U.S.)Reproducibility of ResultsUnited StatesBaby ToolboxCognitive developmentDevelopmental assessmentEarly childhoodEye-trackingInfancy

Identifiers

PMID40752054
PMCPMC12372363

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.