ArticleClinical rheumatology2025
Treatment effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome: a real-world Study.
Article in Clinical rheumatology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- [Practical management of Sjögren's disease in the era of new treatment options : Current value of available outcome parameters].Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie · 2026Article
- Bioengineered anti-EpCAM-guided exosome nanocarriers delivering Foxp3 agonist butyrate achieve tissue-specific immunomodulation in autoimmune Sjögren's syndrome.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Unveiling the mechanisms of American ginseng and achyranthes in treatment of primary Sjogren's syndrome via mtDNA-cGAS-STING pathway insights from network pharmacology, molecular dynamics, and experimental validation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in reducing disease activity and explore its optimal dosing and combination therapies in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS).
methodsWe conducted a retrospective study of 1089 hospitalized pSS patients. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to assess robustness.
resultsCompared to non-users, patients receiving HCQ at daily doses of 300 mg (OR = 2.50, 95% CI 1.08-5.77), 400 mg (OR = 1.66, 95% CI 1.21-2.27), or > 5 mg/kg (OR = 1.71, 95% CI 1.25-2.34) showed higher response rates. Subgroup analyses suggested greater HCQ effectiveness in patients aged ≤ 50 years, without hypertension or diabetes, with SSA/RF seropositivity, no prior HCQ exposure, baseline ESSDAI scores of 5-13, concomitant glucocorticoids (GCs) use (> 20 mg/day), normal C3 level, or low C4 levels. The combination of GCs, cyclosporin A, and HCQ demonstrated a numerically higher response rate than GCs plus cyclosporin A alone (OR = 3.73, 95% CI 1.19-11.72). HCQ was associated with improved outcomes in thrombocytopenia (OR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.01-3.25), hypoalbuminemia (OR = 1.72, 95% CI 1.24-2.38), and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (OR = 2.25, 95% CI 1.42-3.58).
conclusionHCQ at daily doses of 300 mg, 400 mg, or > 5 mg/kg may reduce disease activity in pSS patients, particularly in specific subgroups. The combination of GCs, cyclosporin A, and HCQ warrants further investigation as a potential therapeutic strategy. HCQ might also benefit patients with thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, or elevated ESR. Key Points • A daily HCQ dosage of 300 mg, 400 mg or >5 mg/kg effectively reduced disease activity in pSS patients. • HCQ demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in specific pSS patient subgroups. • Glucocorticoids, cyclosporin A and HCQ may be a promising drug combination.
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