ArticleScientific reports2025
Sex-specific associations of blood lead and cadmium levels with sarcopenia in US adults.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Estimated Dietary Lead Exposure Through Aquatic Animal Consumption and Health Symptoms in a Lake-Dependent Community: Evidence from Nong Han Lake, Northeast Thailand.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Association between blood lead levels and body composition parameters in middle-aged pre- and postmenopausal women.BMC public health · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Sex-specific associations of blood lead and blood cadmium levels with sarcopenia in US adults remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate these relationships using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2018. A total of 7,000 adults (3,456 men and 3,544 women) with complete data of blood Pb, Cd, and covariates, and complete Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) data for sarcopenia assessment were included, and sarcopenia was diagnosed based on the sarcopenia index (SI). Survey-weighted logistic regression models adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health-related covariates, including age, sex, race, educational level, marital status, poverty-to-income ratio (PIR), drinking status, waist circumference, and BMI, were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs). Blood Pb level showed a positive association with sarcopenia risk in both sexes, especially in males (Q4 vs. Q1: Weighted OR = 2.53, 95% CI: 1.17-5.47; P = 0.02), while blood Cd exhibited a positive association with sarcopenia risk only in females (Q4 vs. Q1: Weighted OR = 5.08, 95% CI: 2.46-10.46; P < 0.01). Sex-stratified RCS analysis suggested nonlinear associations of Pb (P-nonlinear < 0.01) and Cd (P-nonlinear < 0.01) with sarcopenia risk, with males demonstrating steeper risk increments at higher Pb levels and females exhibiting steeper risk increments at higher Cd levels. These findings highlight sex-specific disparities in metal toxicity, suggesting that Pb and Cd exposure may differentially contribute to sarcopenia risk. Potential mechanisms could include via hormonal and body composition pathways.
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Registered trials
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