ArticleNPJ biofilms and microbiomes2025
(p)ppGpp imposes graded transcriptional changes to impair motility and promote antibiotic tolerance in biofilms.
Article in NPJ biofilms and microbiomes, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- From dividing to dormant: embracing the full activity spectrum for environmental microorganisms.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2026Review
- Role of starvation survival response mechanisms on ribosome integrity, antibiotic tolerances, and virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Article
- Double agent: how Escherichia coli switches from commensal to pathogen in the urinary tract infection.Infection · 2026Review
- Clinical Rel mutations that increase basal (p)ppGpp promote conjugal transfer of staphylococcal resistance plasmids.Microbiology (Reading, England) · 2026Article
- Biofilm dispersion inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Within-host adaptation mutations associated with persistent colonization ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- From low- to high-level resistance: dynamic transcriptional adaptations and efflux pump amplification in cefiderocol-stressedFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Genomic, Evolutionary and Phenotypic Insights intoViruses · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
(p)ppGpp is the master regulator of bacterial stress responses, orchestrating cellular physiology via the stringent response to promote survival and adaptation. In response to nutritional challenges and stress, (p)ppGpp extensively rewires the transcriptome. Here, we demonstrate that (p)ppGpp production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is gradual and relative to stress severity, rather than binary (on/off). Transcriptomic analysis reveals that (p)ppGpp ensures proportionate cellular responses to stress by imposing a layer-by-layer regulation of gene expression. These effects intensify as (p)ppGpp levels rise, with up to a quarter of the genome differentially regulated at maximal levels. Initial increases in (p)ppGpp reduce growth and metabolism while suppressing motility and pyocyanin production. At higher levels, biofilm-related genes are upregulated at the expense of virulence genes, promoting the formation of condensed biofilms. Finally, (p)ppGpp-driven reprogramming induces antimicrobial tolerance, particularly under biofilm conditions, independently of its effects on growth.
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