ArticleClinical rheumatology2025
Salivary and serum biomarkers profile of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and temporomandibular disorders.
Article in Clinical rheumatology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The Role of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- Mapping the evidence on ultrasonography for temporomandibular joint evaluation in rheumatoid arthritis: a scoping review.Oral radiology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionThe objective was to analyze the association of biomarkers with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and systemic inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
methodThe sample included 60 subjects aged 32-65 (82% females), with 30 having RA. Saliva and serum samples were analyzed for interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-18, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Serum was additionally analyzed for calcium, magnesium, phosphate, urates, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). An international diagnostic protocol for TMDs was used.
resultsSubjects with RA had higher salivary IL-4, serum IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio, GGT level, and lower calcium (p ≤ 0.015). Correlations between salivary cytokines and matching serum cytokines were significant only for IFN-γ (r = 0.348; p = 0.008). Somatization and depression correlated with serum IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio (r = 0.447-0.551; p ≤ 0.012). TMD was more prevalent in RA than in controls (43 vs. 27%). Subjects with RA had a higher orofacial pain intensity, somatization, and depression than those without RA (p ≤ 0.018).
conclusionSalivary and serum biomarkers were not related to the presence of TMDs in RA. Saliva showed a low potential to reveal the ongoing pathology of RA or TMD. Increased IL-4 and decreased calcium imply control of RA by medications, while increased GGT is linked to systemic inflammation in RA. Key Points • Serum biomarkers more accurately reflect the underlying pathology of RA and TMD than salivary biomarkers. • No specific diagnostic biomarkers were identified that distinguish RA patients with TMDs from those without TMDs.
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