ArticleJAMA health forum2025
Community Pharmacy Turnover and Context of Openings and Closings by Ownership Type.
Article in JAMA health forum, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Recruitment strategies for community-based pharmacy research.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2026Article
- Pharmacy benefit manager policy and pharmacy stakeholder perceptions of financial pressures and closures.Health affairs scholar · 2026Article
- Bulk Prescription Transfers and Access After Chain Pharmacy Closures.JAMA health forum · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Importance: While community pharmacies provide many valuable prescription and professional services, they are also retail businesses. Evaluating pharmacy closures through the lens of a retail business framework may provide more context on what is happening in this industry and identify potential solutions to address closures and/or shortages. Objective: To evaluate community pharmacy turnover (openings and closings) in the US over time and by ownership type. Design and Setting: This cross-sectional analysis of all community pharmacy openings and closings in the US from 2010 to 2023 used pharmacy-level data from the US National Council for Prescription Drug Programs database. National-, state-, and county-level turnover was assessed using economic indicators of business dynamics, such as total population, population growth, household income, total firm changes for all industries, and net job creation. Exposures: Pharmacy class type defined as either a chain pharmacy (4 or more pharmacies under common ownership) or an independent or franchise pharmacy using the US National Council for Prescription Drug Programs classifications. Main Outcomes and Measures: Pharmacy turnover rate from 2010 to 2023, calculated as the sum of pharmacy openings and closings over the full study period divided by the total pharmacies in the market at the beginning of the period (2010). Results: The analyses found that US pharmacy market turnover rate for this 14-year period was 86.8% (52 974 total openings and closures of 61 054 total pharmacies in 2010) or 6.2% annually. When comparing across pharmacy types, independent pharmacy turnover was substantially higher (152.7%) than chain pharmacy turnover (49.9%) across the entire US. Counties with high turnover were associated with net increases in pharmacies from more independent pharmacy openings over the period. Turnover rates for all businesses were higher in counties with both low and high pharmacy turnover, even when adjusting for population size. Conclusions and Relevance: This cross-sectional study found that the community pharmacy market in the US has an annual turnover rate of approximately 6.2%, with independent pharmacies opening and closing more frequently than chain pharmacies.
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