SynthesisJournal of endocrinological investigation2025
Temporal trends in serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels indicate an ongoing resetting of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function in healthy men: a systematic review.
Synthesis in Journal of endocrinological investigation, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Global Decline in Sperm Count and Testosterone Levels: Trends, Mechanisms, and Environmental Drivers.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Understanding the Secular Decline in Testosterone: Mechanisms, Consequences, and Clinical Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Genetic, Epigenetic, and Non-Genetic Factors in Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome: A Narrative Review.Genes · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
purposeMale fertility is progressively impairing over time, probably related to a multifactorial genesis. The aim of the study was the evaluation if a Temporal trend in serum testosterone levels exists in healthy men.
methodsA search of the literature between 1971 and July 2024 was performed, selecting study groups in which testosterone serum levels were measured for any reason in healthy men. Exclusion criteria were: (i) age < 18 years old, (ii) conditions affecting testosterone levels, (iii) subjects' enrolment based on testosterone serum levels and (iv) blood examinations performed in a time-frame interval > 10 years. Secondary endpoints: luteinising hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) serum levels and body mass index (BMI).
results1,256 papers, accounting for 1,504 study groups, were selected, including 1,064,891 subjects (age 42.0 ± 7.0 years). A significant negative linear regression between testosterone serum levels and year of measurement was detected (p = 0.033). The comprehensive decline in testosterone serum levels over the years was confirmed adjusting meta-regression analysis using the number of subjects included in each study, subjects' age, BMI and the the assay used for testosterone measurement. No temporal trend was observed regarding BMI in this population. LH serum levels showed a significant decline over the years, adjusting for subjects' age, while no trend emerged considering FSH.
conclusionThis study is the first comprehensive analysis suggesting a progressive decrease in serum testosterone and LH levels in healthy men, independent of age and BMI. The observed decline in both testosterone and LH levels could be a consequence of an ongoing resetting of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular function.
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