Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40746902›Full record

ArticleNorth American Spine Society journal2025

Preclinical evaluation of lateral interbody fusions using 3D printed PEEK or 3D printed titanium cages.

William Robert Walsh, Matthew Pelletier, Dan Wills, Tian Wang, Max Lloyd, Michael Veldman, Nick Cordaro, Mark Brady

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in North American Spine Society journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

William Robert WalshSurgical and Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Matthew PelletierSurgical and Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Dan WillsSurgical and Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Tian WangSurgical and Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Max LloydSurgical and Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Michael VeldmanInvibio Ltd. Hillhouse International, Thornton-Cleveleys, FY5 4QD, United Kingdom.
Nick CordaroSpiTrex 3D, Carlsbad, CA, United States.
Mark BradyInvibio Ltd. Hillhouse International, Thornton-Cleveleys, FY5 4QD, United Kingdom.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: PEEK interbody cages are well established. 3D porous PEEK designs can now be produced with additive manufacturing. This study compared the in-vivo response of additive manufactured porous PEEK (3D PEEK) and titanium alloy (3D Ti) cages. Methods: Interbody fusion was performed in 11 adult sheep at 2 levels (L2-3 and L4-5) using 3D PEEK and 3D Ti cages filled with autograft with posterior bilateral pedicle screw fixation. Fusions were evaluated at 8 and 16 weeks via manual palpation, microcomputed tomography (microCT), histology, and histomorphometry. Results: All animals recovered well following surgery with no adverse events. The radiolucent nature of PEEK allowed the fusions to be evaluated using radiographs and microCT. The 3D Ti cages however appeared solid rather than porous in the radiographs and presented artifacts in the microCT scans which precluded definitive determination of the fusions. Range of motion results improved with time for 3D PEEK and 3D Ti while no differences between designs were detected. Histology and histomorphometry confirmed 3D PEEK and 3D Ti supported fusion in this model using autograft. Conclusions: Range of motion and histology results were similar for 3D PEEK and 3D Ti. Radiographs and microCT could be used to assess the fusions with 3D PEEK due to the radiolucent nature. 3D Ti appeared solid in the radiographs and had image artifact in microCT which precluded definitive evaluation of the fusions. 3D PEEK and 3D Ti cages both support interbody fusion in this preclinical model.

Indexed as

3D printed PEEK3D printed TitaniumAdditive manufacturingBoneHistologyInterbody fusionLarge animal modelPreclinical

Identifiers

PMID40746902
PMCPMC12310441

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.