ArticleFrontiers in aging neuroscience2025
The glymphatic system as a therapeutic target: TMS-induced modulation in older adults.
Article in Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Harnessing Brain Age-Specific Effects on the Associations Between Sleep Quality, Glymphatic Function, and Cognition in Normal Ageing Adults: Insights for Gerotherapeutics.Neurology and therapy · 2026Article
- Ocular Glymphatic System: Its Modulation and Role in Intraocular Tumors.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Review
- Ultrasonic modulation of brain glymphatic transport: from observations to theranostic applications.Cancer drug resistance (Alhambra, Calif.) · 2026Review
- Glymphatic System Dysregulation as a Key Contributor to Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The Glymphatic-Venous Axis in Brain Clearance Failure: Aquaporin-4 Dysfunction, Biomarker Imaging, and Precision Therapeutic Frontiers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Glymphatic system and psychiatric disorders: need for a new paradigm?Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
While repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a promising neuromodulatory intervention for cognitive impairment, its effects on the glymphatic system remain unexplored in clinical populations. Deficient glymphatic clearance has emerged as a central feature of neurodegenerative disease, which can now be assessed with specialized diffusion magnetic resonance imaging techniques. This study examines changes in the diffusion tensor imaging analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) index following theta-burst stimulation (TBS) in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). DTI-ALPS is an MRI-based measure that reflects the efficiency of the brain's glymphatic waste removal system, as it quantifies how easily water molecules move along the perivascular spaces where waste is cleared. Participants underwent ten consecutive days of continuous TBS, intermittent TBS, and sham TBS, with DTI-ALPS measurements acquired before and after each intervention. Our sham-controlled findings reveal the capacity for TBS interventions to modulate glymphatic function and highlight a significant APOE ε4 effect. Specifically, ε4 carriers exhibited a lower baseline DTI-ALPS index (
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.