Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40746350›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in pediatrics2025

Clinical characteristics of fatal cases of hand, foot and mouth disease in children.

Xue Zhang, Ruiyang Sun, Jiapu Hou, Wanyu Jia, Peng Li, Shengli Shi, Chunlan Song, Yibing Cheng

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in pediatrics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Xue ZhangHenan Province Engineering Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Infection and Critical Care, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan, China.
Ruiyang SunHenan Province Engineering Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Infection and Critical Care, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan, China.
Jiapu HouHenan Province Engineering Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Infection and Critical Care, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan, China.
Wanyu JiaHenan Province Engineering Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Infection and Critical Care, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan, China.
Peng LiHenan Province Engineering Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Infection and Critical Care, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan, China.
Shengli ShiHenan Province Engineering Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Infection and Critical Care, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan, China.
Chunlan SongHenan Province Engineering Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Infection and Critical Care, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan, China.
Yibing ChengHenan Province Engineering Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Infection and Critical Care, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease that continues to pose a serious threat to children. The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical characteristics and causes of death of mortality among children with fatal HFMD. Methods: Clinical data from children who had HFMD and died in the pediatric intensive care units of Henan Children's Hospital from January 2014 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Thirty-one fatal cases were identified (19 males, 12 females), aged 9-47 months, all without underlying disease. Mortality was highest among children aged 12-36 months. A declining trend in deaths was observed from 2014 to 2019. The median duration of disease was 4.5 days. Common clinical manifestations included fever, rash, dyspnea, disturbance of consciousness, abnormal heart rate and limb tremors. Neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) was the primary cause of death in 24 cases, followed by brainstem encephalitis in 6 cases and cerebral hernia in 1 case. Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) was the predominant pathogen (27 cases, 87.10%). Conclusion: Although the HFMD mortality has shown a downward trend in recent years, children younger than 36 months infected with EV-A71 remain at high risk of fatal outcomes. NPE and brainstem encephalitis are the leading causes of death in children with HFMD.

Indexed as

clinical characteristicsdeath causeenterovirus A71fatal casesfoot and mouth diseasehand

Identifiers

PMID40746350
PMCPMC12310577

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.