Zebra stripes: the questions raised by the answers.

Multiple hypotheses have been suggested to explain why the three zebra species (Equus quagga, E. grevyi and E. zebra) are striped. We review how well these theories explain the nature (rather than simply the existence) of the stripes. Specifically, we explore how well different theories explain (i) the form of zebra stripes (especially on different body parts), (ii) stripe variation between zebra populations and among species, and (iii) the lack of striping in other equids or other large mammalian herbivores. The main hypotheses discussed during the last decade are the deterrence of biting flies, thermoregulation through stripe-generated air movement, and three anti-predation hypotheses: crypsis to avoid detection; dazzle colouration to confuse pursuers; and interspecies signalling to encourage protective mixed-species herding. Our evaluation suggests that these theories struggle to explain all aspects of variation in striping. For each theory we identify where through logical reasoning or empirical data, the theory is unable to account for an aspect of variation, or whether information is currently lacking. In the latter case we offer concrete suggestions for the types of empirical study that would be most useful. Deterrence of biting flies is the theory that currently has strongest empirical support, but this theory alone struggles to explain why striping occurs so strongly in zebra but not in other African mammals, and the distribution of stripes across the body. These aspects can be explained by the interspecies signalling theory, but this theory has not been empirically evaluated. We suggest how future studies could best utilise our framework to close the most pressing knowledge gaps in our understanding of this iconic example of animal colouration.