Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40745164›Full record

ArticleScientific data2025

A Benchmark Dataset for Automatic Cephalometric Landmark Detection and CVM Stage Classification.

Muhammad Anwaar Khalid, Kanwal Zulfiqar, Ulfat Bashir, Areeba Shaheen, Rida Iqbal, Zarnab Rizwan, Ghina Rizwan, Muhammad Moazam Fraz

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In one paragraph

Article in Scientific data, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
9citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

9 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Muhammad Anwaar KhalidPeter L. Reichertz Institute for Medical Informatics, Karl-Wiechert-Allee 3, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
Kanwal ZulfiqarRiphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Ulfat BashirRiphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Areeba ShaheenRiphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Rida IqbalRiphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Zarnab RizwanRiphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Ghina RizwanRiphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Muhammad Moazam FrazNational University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan. moazam.fraz@seecs.edu.pk.ORCID 0000-0003-0495-463X

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Accurate identification and localization of cephalometric landmarks are crucial for diagnosing and quantifying anatomical abnormalities in orthodontics. Traditional manual annotation of these landmarks on lateral cephalograms (LCRs) is time-consuming and subject to inter- and intra-expert variability. Attempts to develop automated landmark detection systems have persistently been made; however, they are inadequate for orthodontic applications due to the unavailability of a diverse dataset. In this work, we introduce a state-of-the-art cephalometric dataset designed to advance AI-driven quantitative morphometric analysis. Our dataset comprises 1,000 LCRs acquired from seven different imaging devices with varying resolutions, making it the most diverse and comprehensive collection to date. Each radiograph is meticulously annotated by clinical experts with 29 cephalometric landmarks, including the most extensive set of dental and soft tissue markers ever included in a public dataset. Additionally, we provide cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) stage annotations, marking the first standard resource for CVM classification. We anticipate that this dataset will serve as a benchmark for developing robust, automated landmark detection frameworks, with applications extending beyond orthodontics.

Indexed as

Anatomic LandmarksCephalometryCervical VertebraeBenchmarkingHumans

Identifiers

PMID40745164
PMCPMC12313948

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.