ArticleEnvironmental science & technology2025
Detection of Hemagglutinin H5 Influenza A Virus RNA and Model of Potential Inputs in an Urban California Sewershed.
Article in Environmental science & technology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Toward a quality-managed operational architecture for wastewater surveillance of zoonotic and emerging pathogens.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Review
- Wastewater-Based Epidemiology for Infectious Diseases: A New Trick for an Old Threat.Environment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
- Multimodal Data Approaches for Examining the 2024-2025 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Outbreak in the United States: Descriptive Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2026Article
- Genomic wastewater surveillance of human and animal influenza A viruses in California during the 2024-2025 flu season.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Pathogen nucleic acids data in wastewater solids from 147 treatment plants in the United States: 2024-2025.Data in brief · 2026Article
- The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in dairy cattle: implications for public health, animal health, and pandemic preparedness.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In 2024, highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 caused outbreaks in wild birds, poultry, cows, and other mammals in the United States with 61 human cases also reported by the CDC. Detection of influenza A H5 RNA in wastewater has been previously reported in sewersheds in Texas and North Carolina with nearby impacted dairy herds following the emergence of H5N1 in dairy cows. Here, we conduct retrospective testing of total influenza A and H5 hemagglutinin genes in wastewater as well as present and apply new assays for detection of H1 and H3 genes across a respiratory virus season in an urban California sewershed from September 2023 to May 2024. Total influenza A, H1, and H3 were regularly detected, while H5 was first detected in March. We developed a model that uses Monte Carlo simulations and previously published parameters to estimate the numbers of infected people, poultry, wild birds, or liters of H5-contaminated milk required to result in measured H5 concentrations in wastewater. Our findings demonstrate that in this California sewershed, contaminated milk or infected poultry were the most likely sources of H5 to wastewater. We created a publicly available tool to apply the H5 input model in other sewersheds to estimate the required inputs.
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