Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40742154›Full record

ArticleClinical cardiology2025

Trends in Cardiovascular Mortality in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease From 1999 to 2020: A Retrospective Study in the United States.

Eeman Ahmad, Shoaib Ahmad, Azka Naeem, Shahzaib Ahmed, Maryam Shehzad, Umar Akram, Hamza Ashraf, Obaid Ur Rehman, Irfan Ullah, Raheel Ahmed and 2 more

Abstract readMulticenter Study
In one paragraph

Article in Clinical cardiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Eeman AhmadDepartment of Medicine, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3474-8087
Shoaib AhmadSt. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7241-7724
Azka NaeemDepartment of Internal Medicine, Maimonides medical centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0920-9152
Shahzaib AhmedDepartment of Medicine, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9374-927X
Maryam ShehzadDepartment of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
Umar AkramDepartment of Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0981-6650
Hamza AshrafDepartment of Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9121-6091
Obaid Ur RehmanMedstar Health Georgetown University, Baltimore, USA.
Irfan UllahDepartment of Internal Medicine, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1100-101X
Raheel AhmedNational Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2814-7314
Chadi AlraiesDepartment of Cardiology, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7874-4566
Gregg C FonarowDivision of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3192-8093

Funding

The authors received no specific funding for this work.
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) may be associated with fatal cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). We aim to identify CVD-related mortality trends in patients with CKD in the US, examining the variation by sex, race, and region, and compare them to CVD-related mortality trends in general.

methodsThe CDC-WONDER database was used to obtain age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) per 100,000 population. Annual percent change (APC) and average APC (AAPC) in these rates were calculated using Joinpoint regression and comparisons were done using pairwise comparison.

resultsFrom 1999 to 2020, a total of 605,384 CVD-related deaths were observed in patients with CKD. The AAMR was almost double in males (11.0) than females (6.3). NH (Non-Hispanic) Blacks or African Americans displayed the highest overall AAMR while NH Asians or Pacific Islanders displayed the lowest. AAMRs also varied substantially by region (Midwest: 8.8; West: 8.6; South: 8.0; Northeast: 7.3). States with the highest AAMR was the District of Columbia. Nonmetropolitan regions exhibited a slightly higher AAMR (8.6) than metropolitan regions (8.1). The AAPC for CVD-related deaths in patients with CKD differed significantly from that of the general population for the entire cohort, across both sexes, as well as among NH Whites, NH Black or African Americans, and Hispanics or Latinos. Regional differences were also observed in the Midwest, Northeast, and West.

conclusionSignificant differences in CVD-related deaths in patients with CKD were observed. These high-risk groups should be the point of focus for targeted interventions to reduce CVD-related mortality in CKD patients.

Indexed as

Cardiovascular DiseasesRenal Insufficiency, ChronicAdultAgedCause of DeathFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansMaleMiddle AgedRetrospective StudiesRisk FactorsSurvival RateTime FactorsUnited Statescardiovascular disorderschronic kidney diseasemortality

Identifiers

PMID40742154
PMCPMC12312204

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.