Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40735162›Full record

ReviewFood technology and biotechnology2025

A Review on Innovative Biotechnological Approaches for the Upcycling of Citrus Fruit Waste to Obtain Value-Added Bioproducts

Mahalingam Divyasakthi, Yerasala Charu Lekha Sarayu, Dilip Kumar Shanmugam, Guruviah Karthigadevi, Ramasamy Subbaiya, Natchimuthu Karmegam, J Jessica Kaaviya, Woo Jin Chung, Soon Woong Chang, Balasubramani Ravindran and 1 more

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Food technology and biotechnology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
  3. Review
  4. RediscoveringFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Mahalingam DivyasakthiDepartment of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Pennalur Sriperumbudur (Tk), Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu 602117, India.
Yerasala Charu Lekha SarayuDepartment of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Pennalur Sriperumbudur (Tk), Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu 602117, India.
Dilip Kumar ShanmugamDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.
Guruviah KarthigadeviDepartment of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Pennalur Sriperumbudur (Tk), Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu 602117, India.
Ramasamy SubbaiyaDepartment of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box, 21692, Kitwe, Zambia.
Natchimuthu KarmegamPost Graduate and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India.
J Jessica KaaviyaDepartment of Biotechnology, Alagappa College of Technology, Anna University, Chennai India.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6002-7334
Woo Jin ChungDepartment of Civil and Energy System Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Korea.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-9361
Soon Woong ChangDepartment of Civil and Energy System Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Korea.
Balasubramani RavindranDepartment of Civil and Energy System Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Korea.
Kuan Shiong KhooDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The cultivation of citrus fruits has increased significantly around the globe due to rising consumer demand. The citrus fruit processing industry produces approx. 110 to 120 million tonnes of citrus fruit waste worldwide every year. This in turn contributes to landfills and environmental pollution, and poses a risk to human health and the ecosystem. Proper recycling of citrus waste helps reduce pollution and also serves as a sustainable source for the production of different bio-based products. Abundant bioactive compounds in citrus waste offer immense economic value for the production of various useful products. Moreover, bioactive compounds found in citrus wastes have various biological properties, including antioxidant, anticancer, antimutagenic, antiplatelet, cardioprotective and antiviral activities. Instead of disposing of them directly, citrus wastes can be upcycled into various value-added products, including single-cell proteins, biopolymers, pectin, biofuel, biofertilizer and bioenergy. Citrus peels serve as a cost-effective reservoir of nutraceuticals and provide an affordable dietary option for the treatment of degenerative diseases. The citrus waste, which is used as a biofertilizer and is a rich source of phenolic compounds and carotenoids, helps to extend the shelf life of food. The aim is to maintain economic viability and sustainability with the help of recent innovations in the industry. This review discusses recent advances in the valorization of citrus fruit waste and presents innovative biotechnological approaches to extract valuable bioactive compounds such as limonene, flavonoids and pectin. These compounds are used in different sectors, from the food and pharmaceutical industries to bioenergy. Techniques such as microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) are characterized by high yields and energy efficiency. Techniques for sampling, pretreatment, extraction of phytochemicals, purification and identification of citrus fruit waste are also studied. Additionally, this review highlights the environmental benefits of waste valorization as part of a circular economy approach that contributes to both economic sustainability and pollution reduction.

Indexed as

antioxidantsbioactive compoundsbiorefinerycircular economycitrus wastegreen extraction techniquessustainability

Identifiers

PMID40735162
PMCPMC12270578

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.