Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40730911›Full record

ReviewNature microbiology2025

Challenges and opportunities in mRNA vaccine development against bacteria.

Ilke Aernout, Rein Verbeke, Fabien Thery, Patrick Willems, Uri Elia, Stefaan C De Smedt, Rino Rappuoli, Dan Peer, Francis Impens, Ine Lentacker

Abstract readReview
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Nature microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
12citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

12 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Global vaccine development.Nature medicine · 2026
    Review
  7. Article
  8. Review
  9. Review
  10. Frontiers in immunology · 2026
    Article
  11. Article
  12. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Ilke Aernout *Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4604-1575
Rein Verbeke *Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1849-5411
Fabien TheryVIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.
Patrick WillemsVIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.
Uri EliaLaboratory of Precision Nanomedicine, Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0710-5481
Stefaan C De SmedtGhent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8653-2598
Rino RappuoliFondazione Biotecnopolo di Siena, Siena, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8827-254X
Dan PeerLaboratory of Precision Nanomedicine, Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8238-0673
Francis Impens *VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium. Francis.Impens@vib-ugent.be.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2886-9616
Ine Lentacker *Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. Ine.Lentacker@UGent.be.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7492-6568

Funding

EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council) ERC Adv. Grant # 101055029EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020) Baxerna 2.0 (101080544)EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020) Expert (825828)Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Research Foundation Flanders) 1275023NFonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Research Foundation Flanders) 12AN524NFonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Research Foundation Flanders) 12T1722NFonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Research Foundation Flanders) 1S40923NIsrael Science Foundation (ISF) 2012/20
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The global surge in antimicrobial resistance presents a critical threat to public health, emphasizing the urgent need for the development of new and more effective bacterial vaccines. Since the success of mRNA vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic, this vaccine strategy has rapidly advanced, with most efforts focused on cancer immunotherapy and targeting viral pathogens. Recently, mRNA vaccines have entered the early phases of clinical development for bacterial diseases. However, bacteria present greater biological complexity compared with viruses, posing additional challenges for vaccine design, such as antigen selection, immune response and mRNA construct design. Here, we discuss critical aspects in the development of bacterial mRNA vaccines, from antigen selection to construct design. We also highlight the current preclinical landscape and discuss remaining translational challenges and future potential for mRNA vaccines against bacterial infections.

Indexed as

BacteriaBacterial InfectionsBacterial VaccinesVaccine DevelopmentAnimalsAntigens, BacterialCOVID-19HumansmRNA VaccinesRNA, MessengerVaccines, SyntheticAntigens, BacterialBacterial VaccinesmRNA VaccinesRNA, MessengerVaccines, Synthetic

Identifiers

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.