ArticleInfant behavior & development2025
Development and validation of the NIH Baby Toolbox Social-Emotional Functioning measures.
Article in Infant behavior & development, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Bringing developmental assessment to the 21st century: The NIH Baby Toolbox.Infant behavior & development · 2025Article
- NIH Baby Toolbox® methodology and norms development.Infant behavior & development · 2025Article
- Development and validation of the NIH Baby Toolbox® Math measures.Infant behavior & development · 2025Article
- Composite scores for the NIH Baby Toolbox®.Infant behavior & development · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Social-emotional functioning is foundational for children's healthy development and lifelong well-being. The NIH Toolbox for Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function (NIH Toolbox®) includes social-emotional measures for ages 3 and older, leaving a gap for assessing very young children. The new NIH Baby Toolbox directly addresses this measurement gap through its developmentally sensitive, tablet-based assessments of infant and toddler social-emotional functioning. This paper describes the domain conceptualization, measure selection, and psychometric evaluation of the Baby Toolbox Social-Emotional Functioning measures. Through an expert survey and literature review on conceptual frameworks, definitions, and existing measures, six subdomains were identified: Temperament, Negative Affect, Psychological Well-Being, Self-Regulation, Social Communication, and Social Relationships. Specific measures were selected from existing instruments/paradigms and adapted for iPad administration. They include the Infant, Early Childhood, and Childhood Behavior Questionnaire very short forms; the Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) Early Childhood Parent Report Anger/Irritability, Anxiety, Depressive Symptoms, Positive Affect, Flexibility, Frustration Tolerance, Child-Caregiver Interactions, and Peer Relationships; and the newly developed Social Observation Measure and Caregiver Checklist. Social-Emotional Functioning Measures were validated and normed with 2398 US children (n = 2021 English, n = 377 Spanish) aged 3-48 months using classical and modern test theory. Measures had moderate to high internal and test-retest reliability. Small to moderate intradomain correlations suggest each measure captured related, but unique, components; interdomain associations showed subdomains were distinct. Associations with existing measures supported construct validity. Overall, the Baby Toolbox Social-Emotional Functioning assessments provide reliable, valid, and nationally normed assessments for researchers and clinicians to evaluate infant and toddler social-emotional functioning in a practical and meaningful way.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.